Police Brutality And Its Effects On Society Criminology Essay

Police Brutality And Its Effects On Society Criminology Essay 1. Introduction Police brutality has occurred all across the world and is still a major concern amongst society and police organisations. This brutality ranges from assaults, death as a result of use of force, harassment, Etc. It takes two forms (Thompson: 2004), which is physical brutality which includes assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes use of verbal language. In South Africa cases of brutality has been part of country history as it was happening during apartheid era because of protests, and at the present moment it is much worse as people have rights and most people have access to camcorders to record such incidents which at the later stage attract media attention. According to Burger (2011) public is slowly losing trust in the police because of amongst other things such as brutality itself, criminal behaviour and abuse of power. Sean & Tait (2011) explained that most brutality cases within the South African Police Service derived from members of public order policing (POP) as they normally deal with gathering and protests. Sharpville massacre is one of the example of which 69 people were killed and 180 injured as a result of police action on 21 March 1960 and recently is the killing of Andries Tatane and thirty four Marikana Lonmin striking miners by the members of South African Police Service. 2. Literature Review Considering this body of literature, researches were conducted by different authors nationally and internationally to address issue of police brutality and its effects to society. Before going further with this topic police brutality, the term police brutality is defined as follows: Thompson (2004) defines Police brutality as any instance in which a police officer using unnecessary excessive force to or while interacting with members of public while performing his or her duties. These brutalities take two forms which is physical and non-physical, physical includes actions such as killing someone, E.g. thirty four mining strikers who were killed by the police at lonmin mine, and non-physical which includes verbally abusing the public. There is literature that are relevant to the topic and some of the findings were categorised as follows: Bruce (2003) explained that the statistics from South Africa Police Service watch dog, also known as independent complaints directorate (currently known as IPID) revealed cases of brutalities against members of the service and organisation from period April 1997 to March 2001. These brutalities were categorised as from death as a result of police action (excludes death in custody), torture, assaults and attempted murder. He further said besides reporting cases of brutalities the public are also not satisfied with the service rendered by the police. Gary (2003) argued that police brutality is also part of South African history. He mentioned that during apartheid regime many people of which majority were black people had suffered brutality from the hands of the police more especially in South African townships. His statement was supported by photographic images of one of the victim known as Hector Peterson, a thirteen year old who was shot by the police in Soweto. Apart from Peterson tragedy there were also photos of white police official beating and shooting black protesters and the death of Steve Biko who was murdered in police custody for political reasons. Gary (2003:9) believes that the past police also benefited from these brutalities and they were very effective than the present police force mainly because they were feared by the public. He said crime then was too low and it was likely that people were afraid to report cases because police then were not approachable. Masuku (2004) believes that Police Managers lack of monitoring of members conduct is one of the reasons why South Africa is having high number of cases of police violence. He mentioned that procedures are incorrectly followed in the service and records are not properly kept and as a result a member commits the same offence now and then. He said Independent complaints directorate (ICD) findings for the annual report 2002-2003 revealed number of cases whereby people were shot and killed by the police and to date it does not indicate how many were illegal and how many were legitimate. He said standing order 251 which requires factual reports of all shooting incidents is not practiced correctly within the service. He said that they are other cases of police misconduct such as torture and non-lethal force were also not monitored correctly and as a fact police officers gets off easily. Studies conducted by, Minaar & mistry (2006) showed that use of unnecessary excessive force by the police is mostly related to officers wellbeing such as stress. They conducted interviews with members based at Gauteng province and the finding were that members work circumstances such as interacting with suspects is the reason for police action of violence. He also mentioned that counselling and stress management should play a vital role in member wellbeing but criticised the member code of silence. Shawn & Tait (2011) studies revealed that most brutalities in South Africa derived from violent protests by public and involves member of public order policing within the police such as tactical response team and combat crime unit. He also mentioned that cases of brutalities had increased since 2006 as a result of protests by public. He said that these members resorts to the use of excessive force as last resorts more especially when they are outnumbered by the public and often leads to death of protesters and one example of that is marikana massacre. Other studies conducted by burger (2011) states that the brutalities, criminal behaviour and other misconducts by the police has negative effect on public trust and confidence. He further said that society must trust and also have faith in police for their own safety. It seems as this is impossible for the police as the recent reports and images of police brutalities speak another thing such as marikana lonhill miners massacre which was broadcasted on television for days, video footage of ficksburg protester andries tatane who lost his life in the hands of police, video of members of tactical response team at abar in Johannesburg and a restaurant in Melville which was shown on 3rd degree on e-tv and the recent case of Mozambican taxi driver who was tied at the back of police vehicle and dragged and later died in police custody. Again, Bruce (2011) on another article, beyond Section 49, says use of force by members of South African Police Service is being misused and it is uncontrollable and that the policy needs to be amended so that the police can work effectively. He again on this article mentioned the killing of Andries Tatane as one of the victim of such abuse of power by the police. 3. Rationale/ Significance of research The study is important as it is focused on the difference between the police and the general public mainly because of police brutalities and use of unnecessary excessive force and is also aimed at benefiting both the police and the society to refrain from problem. One organisation such as South African Police Service (SAPS) has its tasks and one is to mobilize the community to act against local crime in terms of newly implemented sector policing and this seems to be unachievable because of the recent cases of brutalities by its members. The objective was to have the police and the public to work together but now because of the police brutality images such as marikana lonmin massacre that were view by the society nationwide this seems to be impossible. Police brutality affects everyone, such as the government, police, organisation and the public, and this proposed study is aimed at preventing future brutalities and improve police-society working relationship. The above categories will benefit from the study as follows: Police Officers: The study will benefit officer as these brutalities normally have consequences and might ruin the future career. Society: The society will also benefit as they depend on police for their safety and be brutalised as a result. Organisation: The organisation will also benefit as it will finally realise the seriousness of this brutalities and also to deal with culprits to set an example to other police officers and again to ensure that their members are well trained and equipped to deal with the public in a peaceful manner. Other researchers: This study will also benefit future researchers and hopefully brings new developments. 4. Research Problem Statement In a country like South Africa the citizens expect police to do their work in a professional manner and also be accountable to their actions. They expect police officers to protect them and their properties and also uphold the law of the country. These police officers have powers invested to them and are governed by certain legislation to perform their duties and the public are also have to be treated in a dignified manner in terms of the rights given by the constitution. It then becomes a problem because criminal procedure act section 49 gives police officer powers to use force to overcome any situation and such powers are the misused by certain police officers as they use them where it is not necessarily. Police officer as members of public themselves work under extreme situations, such as members of public order policing who deal with public violence and protests as they are used to violence and whenever approached they may also use the force which may result in death of citizens such as ficksburg protester Andries Tatane. Independence directorate complaints statistics (Bruce: 2003) reveals number of citizens who suffered as a result of these brutalities, although most of them were not covered by the media but it affect the community in such a way that they lose trust in the police. 5. Research Question or Hypothesis Statement The main research question of this study is: Can Police managers better reduce or prevent brutalities and unnecessary use of excessive force and how serious is this to the society? There are researchers in South Africa such as Shawn and Tait (2011) who have identified factors such situational, individual and organisational as reason that may influence other Police officers to unreasonably use excessive force and brutality against the public. The following Hypothesis statements (Akdogan, 2009:3) clearly explain the problem of police brutality: They are Job satisfaction and work related stress usually affects police official attitudes towards avoiding or put an end to brutality and unreasonable use of excessive force; Police Official post such as a member who is based at Tactical Response Team (TRT) and Combat Crime Unit (CCU), who have low attitude than those who are posted at stations because they deal with riots and are likely to apply excessive use of force. Lastly, Laws relating to police conduct towards society such as section 49 of Criminal Procedure Act and citizen Bill of Rights in terms of the Constitution. 6. Aim and objectives This study aims to provide all police officials with information on how to serve its public and also how to avoid brutalities and their consequences thereof, how it impacts the organisation, the government and the community as a whole. This study also intends to highlight areas within the police force such a development of employees that needs to be improved and assessed to avoid such brutalities in future. 7. Research Design and Methodology This proposed study will employ triangulation mixed method, De Vos (2012: 442) meaning that it will employ both qualitative and quantitative methods. In a case of quantitative research theories are tested and confirmed by means of measured numbers and statistical analysis such as those statistics revealed by independent directorate complaints (ICD). Whereas, in a case of qualitative research words are important than numbers and also involvement of people in studies plays a vital role and an example is a research done by, Minaar & mistry (2006) which involved members. 7.1. Research Design: For quantitative studied survey designs is suitable for these proposed study as the topic itself is not concerned about police brutality alone, it is also concerned about how it affect society and then a population group needs to be identified to gather data. 7.2. Unit of Analysis: This proposed study includes more than one unit analysis which is individual within the organisation such as police officers, organisation which these individual represents and the social interaction or behaviour of these individual such as police use of violence and brutality. These mention units need to be analysed to carry out the study. 7.3. Identification of Variables: For the sake of this research independent variable is identified which is section 49 of criminal procedure act which give police officers powers to use force and the dependent variable which is the bill of rights which gives citizen right to be treated in a dignified manner, In simple term is that use of force violates human rights. 7.4. Sample and sample type: For sampling purpose, other stakeholders will be included such as community, police officers or organisation, department of justice, etc. by means of simple random sampling which will give others opportunity to participate and that will be determined by using table of random numbers from the population. 7.5. Data Collection Methods: Methods of collecting data will vary based on types of people affected by police violence for the purpose of quantitative research and the most suitable method for this proposed study is survey questionnaire (welman 2005:152) as it is concerned about the background of individual and the difference will however determine whether everyone understands the seriousness of the effects and for qualitative research method that will be utilised is interviews. 7.6. Data analysis: For the purpose of this proposed study data information will be gathered from statistics and interviews and will be used to answer the research question. In a case of quantitative research information will be gathered from statistics and reports and then analysed according to categories such as the total number of fatal force used by police officers quarterly, and in a case of qualitative research (De Vos 2011:402) information will be gathered from interview recordings, visual materials, etc. 8. Ethical consideration/ constraints: Before studies commences, ethical issues needs to be identified and reviewed to ensure that potential participant are not exposed to harm. De Vos (2011: 115-126) and Welman (2005: 182) identified ethical issues that needed to be taken into consideration to ensure that all participants are protected and information gathered is legitimate. An approval from research ethics committee is also important as it will protect participants from researchers who conduct studies in an unethical manner. At the end of the study all findings and results that will be presented will be that obtained during the study. 9. Overview of the Chapter Structure This chapter started by focusing on the research main question which was directed to the managers of the organisation, that what can they do better to better the situation or problem the society is facing and also how to render effective service. The chapter was further discussed and three components (hypothesis) were highlighted that managers should look into when addressing the problem and finally the methods were identified to carry out the studies in order to reach the aims and objective of this proposal. 10. Research Time Schedule According to, De Vos et al (2011:111) a project should include a work plan. As organisation is responsible for behaviour of its members, then a time frame for this project is one year. Then an organisation can make analysis of reported cases and then used its findings to compare to the previous to determine the difference to achieve the aims of the proposal. 11. Budget This study does not require any financial planning as lack or insufficient training was seen as factor that is needed to educate and provide police officers with skills on how to handle the public and that has been done by the organisation for a period of time. 12. Preliminary List of Reference/ Bibliography BRUCE, D. 2011. Beyond Section 49: control of the use lethal force. SA Crime Quarterly, 36: 3-12 BRUCE, D. 2003. What the Independent Complaints Directorate Statistics tell us (or not): Gripes or grievances? SA Crime Quarterly, 4: 23-30 BURGER, J. 2011. To Protect and Serve: Restoring Public Confidence in the SAPS. SA Crime Quarterly, 36: 13-22 DE VOS, A. S, STRYDOM, H. FOUCHE, C. B & DELPORT, C. S. L. 2011. Research at Grass Roots: For the social sciences and human service professions. 4th ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik. KYNOCH, G. 2003. Personal Security concerns in South African Townships: Apartheid Nostalgia. SA Crime Quarterly, 5: 7-10 MASUKU, T. 2004. National Monitoring of Police Misconduct: number that counts. SA Crime Quarterly, 8: 5-10 MINAAR, A & MISTRY, D .2006. Dealing with the use of force and stress related violence by members of the police: some observation from selected case studies in Gauteng province, South Africa. Acta criminological, 19(3): 29-63 TAIT, S, & MARKS, M. 2011. You strike a Gathering, You Strike a rock- current debate in the Policing of Public Order in South Africa. SA Crime Quarterly, 38: 12-22 WELMAN, J. C, KRUGER, S. J & MITCHEL, B. 2005.Research Methodology. 3rd ed. Cape Town: Oxford.

Recruitment Methods Used In An Organisation Commerce Essay

Recruitment Methods Used In An Organisation Commerce Essay In todays increasingly competitive environment, the biggest challenge is to identify and retain highly qualified and reliable employees. Organizations need to recruit quality people and to do so must implement and support a finely-tuned recruitment process which must consists of three fundamental factors: to be effective in producing suitable candidates, to be efficient and cost-effective and be fair as well as legally sound to ensure decisions are made on merit. Rynes (1991) defined recruitment as encompassing all organizational practices and decisions that affect either the number, or types, of individuals who are willing to apply for, or accept, a given vacancy This is particularly relevant for Marcus Evans one of the worlds leading business information and event companies which one of its main concerns is to recruit the right people in order to achieve good growth and excellent customer service for its customers. Marcus Evans is a tall hierarchical structure organisation which has many levels of management and supervision. The organisation is functionally organised with separate departments for marketing, finance, operations, design, production, sales and it has a lot of employees from different cultures and backgrounds which create the need to the organisation to recruit people constantly. When recruiting new employees Marcus Evans sets out its skills requirements in two key documents. Together the person specification and the job analysis act as checking devise for both candidates to be able to match their own skills and qualifications to what is specified and for the business, enabling recruiters to make sure that, applicants with the right skills are chosen for interview. Since Marcus Evans is an International organisation, recruits its people in to two central types of recruitment: The internal recruitment method which the organisation fills its vacancies from within their existing workforce and the external recruitment method which the organisation tries to find their suitable applicant outside the business. Large quantities of recruitment methods can be used, in order the organisations to create a pool of external applicant for a vacancy. The primary method of external recruitment process used by Marcus Evans is to use their own resources which include their website and their own employees. Marcus Evans website provides a wealth of details about the company and a list of vacancies and contact details. It makes it possible for applicants to download details about job and person specification and application forms. Advertise through their website include the potentials to reduce recruitment cost and speed up the recruitment cycle, reach a wide pool of potential applicants and make applying easier as audiences can access the website 24 ours every day. In terms of current staff, an additional method of recruitment used by Marcus Evans is employee referrals that they encourage employees to nominate potential recruits through their personal contacts (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005 seated in Bloisi 2007) Recruiting candidates using employee referral is widely acknowledged as being the most cost effective and efficient recruitment method to recruit candidates however it is very norrow search technique in the means of that an organisation can only reach a very limited audience.In both cases, applicants must meet minimum skills requirements of qualifications or experience. Another popular method of external recruitment used by Marcus Evans is the use of newsprint and other media sources. They advertise their vacancies through national or local press, professional journals and local commercial radio. Advertising is expensive and it is important to be selective in the choice of media, design, layout and contents. In addition, beyond cost, the most effective way to attract the right applicants in terms of qualification and experience is the professional journals. However the downside of this source is that usually there is a delay between placing the advertisement and publication date and this leads to costly delays. Moreover, before recruiting new external employees, Marcus Evans creates a pool of applicants to fill a vacancy from its internal employees. They did so by first send internal applications using such methods of communications as email, team meetings, and the staff news letter. According to Taylor (Taylor 2002 seated in Bloisi 2007) internal recruitment has a several advantages for the organisation. Firstly is a relatively cheap way of recruiting, secondly, it gives employees more chances for career development and progression and finally internal applicants know what to expect in the job as well as how the organisation operates and also this reduce the risk that organisation has in whether the new candidate is the right for the job. Barber (1998) suggests that there are three recruitment phases that generate applicants and maintain their position. Firstly, it depends from the organization to reach out the applicants and persuade them to become applicants, secondly, attempts to persuade applicants to remain interested in the organisation and to continue to pursue the job opportunity until the organization determines whether to offer them a position, and thirdly attempts to persuade individuals to accept job offers. Furthermore, positive recruiting occurs with the review and analysis of companys recruiting staff, hiring goals and their overall recruiting budget. In this competitive employment marketplace in order for organisations to increase the ability to attract more candidates organisations it is essential to use multiple recruitment methods, have well written position descriptions and manage to market the organization to the potential candidates. Organizations that know where they have been, where they are, a nd where they are going are on the way to achieving recruiting success. G. Kameswari (2005) In conclusion, Marcus Evans proved that over the years developed a successful recruitment approach in order to select the right person for the right job as is become one of the worlds leading business event companies. However, in organisations with high levels of staff turnover such us Marcus Evans, it may not be necessary to undertake a job analysis for every vacancy that occurs. It can be more useful to engage of checking whether the existing job description and job specification are appropriate for future needs. (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005 seated in Bloisi 2007). Also by recruits internal employees before considering looking for people outside the organisation, it minimise the possibility of new ways that new staff may have in undertaking tasks. Last but not least, in the specific case of employee referral, unsuccessful referrals may lead to demotivated staff. It is becoming clear that effective recruitment is critical to organizational success (Rynes, 1990). It is the heart of the whole HR systems in the organization. However, to best measure the effectiveness of different recruitment methods, organizations should rely on feedback from internal customer, from employees and from external customer. Finally, the most accurate assessment of an organizations recruitment methods and processes is the true ability of the candidate as displayed on-the-job. Barber AE. (1998). Recruiting employees: individual and organizational perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rynes SL, Barber AE. (1990). Applicant attraction strategies: An organizational perspective. Academy of Management Review, 15,286-310. . In the prescriptive HRM literature, recruitment is seen as a process that should be supported by job analysis, job description and job specification.

Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth es

Imagery and Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instances of imagery and symbolism are seen throughout the play. Imagery and symbolism are unavoidable features in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. One of the most prominent symbolic factors in the play is the presence of blood. It has been noted that the presence of blood â€Å"increases the feelings or fear , horror , and pain† (Spurgeon , Pg. 20). From the appearance of the bloody sergeant in the second scene of the to the very last scene , there is a continued vision of blood all throughout the play. The imagery of blood seems to affect almost all the characters in the play. It affects Lady Macbeth in the scene in which she is found sleepwalking talking to herself after the murders of Duncan and Banquo : â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.† Also , the blood imagery is present in the â€Å"weird sisters† , or witches. Most evidently , i t is present in act four, scene one, when Macbeth visits the witches to seek their insight and his fortune for the future. He is shown three apparitions , one of which is a bloody child that commands him to â€Å"Be bloody , bold and resolute : laugh to scorn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although blood imagery deals with almost all the characters of the play , no where i... ..., New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Gove, Philip Babcock. Webster’s Third International Dictionary.   Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam, 1967 Jorgensen, Paul A.   Our Naked Frailties.   Los Angeles: U of CA, 1971. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul  Ã‚   Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979. Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London:  Ã‚   Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.  Ã‚   Watson, Robert.   Thriftless Ambition, Foolish Wishes, and the Tragedy of Macbeth . Shakespeare and the Hazards of Ambition. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1984.  Ã‚   Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.        

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in In Country by Bobbi Ann Mason Essay

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in "In Country" by Bobbi Ann Mason Many Vietnam veterans suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. Typically, such individuals have flashbacks, dreams, and are constantly haunted by their war memories. The mental stress can lead to further complications, even physically injuring or paralyzing the human body. The book In Country by Bobbi Ann Mason portrays a prime example of such a victim. The difference? The subject is a seventeen-year-old girl in the early nineteen-eighties who never saw the war. Posttraumatic stress disorder affects an estimated 30.9% of male Vietnam veterans and 26.9% of female Vietnam veterans, according to a survey by the National Center for PTSD (National Center for PTSD Online). Of these, most have marital and social problems, high arrest rates, alcoholic dependencies, and in many cases drug addictions. These issues are brought on by the terrors, stress, and moral headaches caused by the acts, such as killing, that they were ordered to commit during their service. While others are only mildly affected and manage to lead semi normal lives, others are rendered useless, unable to hold jobs, start families, or participate as active members of society as they are constantly obsessing, whether consciously or not, about the war. In Mason’s book, there are prime examples of each. Emmett, the thirty something uncle of Sam, the main character, is the second type of victim. After moving back home to Hopewell after the war, he spent a few years causing mischief with his wild hippy friends. Eventually, they left, and with the ruckus, amusement, and gossip caused by their stunts, Emmett’s spirit also died, pushing him into an ever deepening low. He is unab... ...r, Department of Veteran Affairs. Updated 1 Sept. 2003. Accessed 12 April 2004. http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/general/fs_epidemioloical.html?printable=yes Krasteva, Yonka. â€Å"The South and the West in Bobbie Ann Mason’s In Country.† Rev. of In Country by Bobbie Ann Mason. Southern Literary Journal Spring 1994:26:2:77. Mason, Bobbie Ann. In Country. New York: Harper Collins 1985. Morrissey, Thomas J. â€Å"Mason’s In Country.† Rev. of In Country, by Bobbie Ann Mason. Explicator Fall 1991:50:62. O’Brien, Timothy D. â€Å"Oppositions in In Country.† Rev. of In Country by Bobbie Ann Mason. Critique: Winter 2000:47:2:175. Stewart, Matthew C. â€Å"Realism, Verisimilitude, and the Depiction of the Vietnam Veterans in In Country. Rev. of In Country, by Bobbie Ann Mason. Fourteen Landing Zones: Approaches to Vietnam War Literature. Ed. Jason, Philip K. p. 166

A Role of the Women Essays -- Literary Analysis, A Raisin In the Sun

The Role of a Woman In a Raisin in the Sun is a play about a family that lives on the South side of Chicago, a section of the city Hansberry once described as â€Å" a place apart†, where â€Å" each piece of our living is a protest â€Å". After the death of Walter Young (Big Walter), his wife, Lena (Mama), is the beneficiary of a $10,000 insurance policy. The money will be used to provide for the family’s future. Race, race relation and big Walter’s insurance money supply the thematic context for Hansberry’s play; but the Younger family is, essentially, searching for its place within American society. Hansberry once pointed out that even a â€Å"Negro family â€Å"has â€Å"many gradations as we see in a Raisin in the Sun the women portray the progression women have had from one generation to the next. Mama is prominent traditional black feminist role. Park stated that a very strong and pervasive female culture has survived within black communities, but its role has been disguised by negative â€Å"matriarchy† arguments of white and black men (4).The black mother situates black feminism in the place where it is ordinarily and traditionally practiced by black women; in the home. While part of the mainstream, academic feminist agenda has dermphasized mothering as an important part of women’s lives, to do so with black women would be to dismiss a traditional locus of black female power. Parks stated that in a Raisin in the Sun Niara Sudarkasa produced a body of a thropological work which presents the female – centered household as the Afrocentrically traditional form (5).Parks stated that the full bodied and strong, she is one, of those women of a certain grace and beauty who wear it so unobtrusively that it takes a while to notice †¦. Being a woman who has adju... ...e â€Å"side hustles†, the postmodern equivalent of Ruth laundry service, operated out of the home. â€Å"The black women’s role in the physical survival and is growth for her sake and her family’s sake (6). Ruth role is a house wife trying to stand by her husband side. In a Raisin in the Sun the three women plays an important part of the play. Each woman repents a different kind of generation. Mama repents the old fashion kind of women black in her days well on the other hands Beneatha repents the new women. Well is just in the middle of Mama and Beneatha so that would make Ruth a combination of both. As we see in a Raisin in the Sun the women portray the progression women have had from one generation to the next. The women in a Raisin in the Sun have a lot of new, old and in the middle kind of women that portray the progression from generation to generation.

Lenin’s death in 1924 Essay

12 marker: Explain why; at the time of Lenin’s death in 1924 there was no obvious successor to lead The USSR. Lenin’s death came as a great shock to many Russians in 1924; he led the October Revolution in 1917 he was seen as father like role to Russians. He had built up a new government and allowed many of his fellow Bolsheviks roles positions in his new Soviet State, and these figures all thought that they have the power and influence to lead Russia. Lenin knew that he was ill and that he would not be able to keep on making key decisions and attending committee and politburo meetings. He felt that the people in his government saw this as an opportunity to try and assert their power and then after his death have a good chance of becoming the leader of The USSR. He wrote a testament, damning five of the people that held high authority in his new government: Trotsky, Stalin, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. If this were to be circulated in the party it would mean that people lower down in the party would be questioning these people too, they might feel that these individuals had too much power. However, these were the leading communists and there did not seem to be any other Bolsheviks that were capable or ready to become a leader. Lenin called Trotsky ‘excessively self-assured’ Lenin thought that Trotsky focused too much on himself and not enough on the Russian people. Lenin also called Stalin the other main contender for the role of leader ‘too rude’ and stated that he has been placed with too much power within the part as Secretary-General; this has made him quite arrogant. Lenin calls for Russians to remember that although Zinoviev and Kamenev are quite underestimated, that they were not loyal to the October Revolution and therefore not the most trustworthy or loyal. Lenin feels that Bukharin is very intelligent, and would be good at the administration aspect of leadership but not a good enough orator to be seen as a strong leader by the masses. This really set the cat among the pigeons; it showed that Lenin did not have confidence in one single successor, showing negative aspects of all of the possible candidates. Although this was suppressed by Kamenev and Zinoviev from being read at the 23rd party conference, Stalin had the most to lose if this had been read, being very critical of his personality and power. Ultimately, it showed that there was going to be a power struggle, and that there was no obvious successor. Lenin’s Testament highlighted some major concerns of his, that there were five possible successors but none of them seemed obvious to go straight to the leadership position. Trotsky was seen as an alternative main candidate, he had a lot of support from the working class in the two main cities, Moscow and Petrograd. He was educated and a brilliant orator, moving crowds of people that came to visit him speak. However, he had many personal weaknesses, he was not liked by a lot of the main decision makers under Lenin, and he needed their support for a leadership position. He did not understand that Russia was an agricultural country and he had to think of the country’s agriculture as much as its industry. Stalin had many important roles within the communist party, commissar for nationalities, worker’s and peasant’s inspectorate and more. Although he had a vast amount of power within the party he was not seen as being consistent, something a leader should be. Also, he had a tough relationship with Lenin before his death. Bukharin was seen as very clever, but not being Marxist enough, he had been appalled by the bloodshed of the civil war and supported the NEP that had allowed an emergence of a middle class, something the Revolution was against. Also Bukharin did not take any side in arguments within the party, showing Lenin that he maybe was not a committed communist. Zinoviev and Kamenev had not been loyal to the October Revolution in 1917; showing that they would not be the leader that Lenin wanted. Lenin thought that they buckled under pressure and for these two reasons did not allow them on the Russian bureau of Central Committee. These factors reinforce the uncertainty for the role of leader, there were candidates that seemed to be strong like Stalin or Trotsky but they had large weaknesses too. Although, there was a lot of room for possible criticism and backstabbing due to the contenders having weaknesses of their own, in 1921 the ban on factionalism introduced by Lenin stopped the formation of groups within his party and stopped criticism of decisions made within the party. It was a way of trying to make the party seem loyal and was basically a ban on free-speech: Meaning that the candidates would not be able to run for leader by highlighting weaknesses to the party or masses. The five candidates would not be able to campaign. Also, because Lenin’s Testament was not published it did not allow the party to make a decision on the leadership, alongside the ban on factions meant that a candidate would just have to seem like a strong runner individually or resort to backstabbing. In conclusion, I believe that by not publishing Lenin’s testament, this meant that his personal opinions were not voiced to the party, at the party conference, where hundreds of the most influential communists would have seen that all of the main five candidates had weaknesses and there was not one that Lenin felt was singly good enough to rule the party. He was possibly hinting to a collective government with a coalition between all five, mixing their positive aspects to make a great USSR. Although the ban on factions was important, the Testament would have voiced the weaknesses of the five people in the running for leadership coming straight from Lenin his conclusion would have gained influence from the party that was loyal to him. Therefore, I believe that by not publishing Lenin’s testament meant that there was great uncertainty over the role of leader.

Economic Migration: A Threat or a Blessing to Developed Countries?

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALISTION individualist Report To what extent is stintingalal migration a flagellum or a free grace to developed countries? In general, the primary human being overcompensate is manners and to take aim this sprightliness wherever desirable, where it is contingent to live the or so freely, easily and in complete security. In format to do this, wad kindly movement crosswise the ara, voluntarily or forcibly, in the search for this advanced place. Migration is the movement of race from sensation place in the atomic number 18na to wreaker(a), due to vital reasons for a erupt quality of life political reasons and sparing reasons.We know for sure two radical disregards that be the base for migration. The first is spheric Population maturement and the second is the population(a) shift in employment. The first bingle is referring to the globose population, which has deep roots in the historical and is matter to with the problem of put up and death occurring to each superstar day. It is estimate that the world population is continuing to addition get-go from the twelvemonth 1950, when it was just 3 one billion gazillion million commonwealth in the world and nowadays, in 2007, when it is 6 billion citizenry- according with the statistics realized by the Census Bureau.The second trend is related to the stinting reasons and we testament revolve about on them, being the primary(prenominal) root for this report. Economic migration results from economic activities that result in the movement of persons from one country to an new(prenominal) for entrepreneurial, industrial, professional, tire market or commercial motives. In an era of globalization, economic or project migration is on the originate. Due to overlook of employment opportunities in developing countries and increase demands for low-wage live oners in developed countries, youth, women and men be pursuing swear out in other countries in or der to support themselves and their families rear end mansion.Recent statistics demonstrate that there ar around 200 million persons per year who reincarnate throughout the world. The Inter issue system of rules for Migration estimates that there be 80 million economic migrants world long. These migrations are most practic whatsoevery from poor countries to rich countries preferably than the reverse. The principal places attracting migrants are the petroleum producing Persian disjunction countries, the United States and the European Union. It is not control to poor countries inhabitants of rich countries also migrate for economic reasons to other countries.Tradition every(prenominal)y and historically, the the States has been hotspot of economic migrants since it is seen as the knock down of opportunity. Thousands of people from all across the world, including Britain, try to move to the USA for a bettor life. For voice a proofreader at an Ivy League University sol ace earns to a greater extent than than someone at a top university in the UK. m whatsoever economic migrants to the USA make it from Latin the States and the Caribbean. About 150,000 Mexi squirts premise illegally each year, resulting in 3 to 4 million illegal Mexi drive outs in the USA. They arrive in dangerous conditions such as enigmatical in the backs of lorries under legal produce.The chart below shows the projected U. S. population growing if in-migration and fertility remain standardised to todays rates. pic however is economic migration a threat or a blessing to developed countries? A threat is any activity whose appearance is potential to break the social equilibrium and quietness in a part of the world. emergence immigration into the rich countries whether voluntary, forced, regular or clandestine tends to be built up into a bubbling volcano that can become active at the to the lowest degree pressure from the lava. It can give rise to three types of threats.On the security level, the inflow of migrants can be a come of recruits for a possible terrorist network, on the one hand. On the other hand, neglected immigrants, without meaning of subsistence, can form networks of crooks can be contributors to urban insecurity and creators of communities favorable to possible terrorist recruitment efforts. On the economic level, immigrants can be a significant beginning for the recruitment of cheap labour to the hurt of citizens. That can result in an increase in the unemployment rate for the latter, which becomes a concern for governments.Providing assistance for the immigrants can gift an crook on domain budgets and contribute to the eroding of the purchasing power of citizens. That could, in the longsighted run, throw frustrations among citizens and result in acts of uncivilised discrimination with regrettable consequences. On the socio-cultural level, the battle for reciprocal influence between immigrant cultures and local anaesth etic cultures could give rise to a national identity conflict through some(prenominal) mechanisms. Immigrants who are victims of discrimination, social injustices and other tension-creating acts, could design violence to demand their rights.Various adulterous forms of trafficking, particularly the trafficking of human beings through migration, are also threats arising from migration. ECONOMIC MIGRATION DAMAGES the IMMIGRANTS shoes COUNTRY To argue that Britain unsay aways economic migrants because of their alleged energy, talent and skills, is to ignore the discard side of that coin which is that the country they came from is dismissal to be deprived of their energy, talent and skills. twain economic migrant who comes here is depriving his or her country of their ability, and is prolonging their own countrys agony.It is coercive and humble to deprive countries in this way. Economic migration on these terms is a form of plagiarization, which should be outlawed Morally spe aking, developed countries should not encourage a brain run off from the developing world, especially not of those who countenance been described as hard operative, enlightened and entrepreneurial. in-migrations pauperisationed to excuse why they advocate the economic piracy and brain draining of the developing world. They neediness to explain why they advocate a policy guaranteed to donjon the developing world in poverty.The people who promote uncivil borders and migration, either as an imagined solution to global economic injustice, or population pressure, or because they want to effect demographic transmute in the Western world, are in the wrong. Here are some of their ofttimes heard myths We need economic migrants to keep the Health Service going The scarce reason nurses from Asia are being trade is because we do not, and wont, have a bun in the oven a alive wage to nurses from this country. This is a new form of 21st century knuckle downry. Britain abolished the At lantic slave trade. Lets not start a new version.Why are we importing teachers when we cod teachers on the dole? It is not because we have a dearth of labour. It is because we have a shortage of people willing to do these jobs at the low wages convolutioned. some(prenominal) companies could not survive without immigrants So what? If the companies are only employing immigrants then what goods are they doing for anyone other than immigrants? Immigrants do the work we would not do This is not necessarily true. Are we to moot that without any immigrants we would have no cafes, no waiters, and no cleaners? Off run-in not.The only reason immigrants are doing these jobs is because they dont pay well enough for indigenous people to accept them. Relying on immigrants to do this work is a form of slavery. Instituting a fresh form of slavery is immoral. It is not a sign of a progressive society. It is certainly not something of which we should be proud. Instead, it is morally right to do our own drudgery work. Many economic migrants are highly dexterous and have a lot to offer Again, this demonstrates the extent to which their home countries are lacking out on their talent and skills.If a talented person flees his or her mother country then they become part of their home countrys problem, not part of the solution. Immigrants create jobs. purport at Marks and Spencer, for example but because a tiny handful of past immigrants went on to found high highroad chain stores, does not mean that all immigrants are potentially able to do this, will do this, or that it is something only immigrants can do. If there is a received need for more shops and businesses then that need will be met, without the help of immigrants. Secondly, because something happened in the past does not mean it will happen again.And thirdly, in the past, levels of immigration were a lot lower and there were periods of almost zipper immigration, where new immigrants had the time to settle an d assimilate into society. When economic migrants are forced to enter illegally, they become prey to criminal traffickers, and so the answer is to make it easier for them to apply for submission legally Are we to believe that all illegal immigrants, many of whom do not even speak English, would be grant admission if they applied legally? So long as there are any kinds of border controls whatsoever, then there will always be people attempting to enter Britain illegally.That is because such people but have no skills to offer legally. If we authentically wanted to cut out criminal traffickers then we would simply open the doors wide so everybody could enter in ease, and that is the fatal logic of this kind of thinking. That would be the irresponsible and immoral act of a government, which had abdicated any concern for the political, social, cultural, environmental and quality of life consequences of its policies. There is a lot of disadvantages of economic migration to developed countries but is there any benefits of this? Yes is the simple answer and the benefits are many.Immigration Minister Liam Byrne said it was important to consider a new balance in immigration policy. That means looking at the wider benefits to the developed countries prudence on the one hand, but it means we have to take into account the wider impact on these countries public service and life as well. We need to weigh both things up onward we take big decisions on immigration. It is undetermined that migration brings huge economic benefits to the developed countries such as United Kingdom or United States of the States. for BBC news said Dr Sriskandarajah. pocket-size jobless rates in Ireland, Sweden, Britain, America and other developed countries with high migration give notice that, so far, foreigners are not squelch out autochthonics. Migrants also help to create jobs, because a good supply of labour encourages those with capital to invest more. Also, foreign workers are often more flexible than native ones, too. Having already moved from Mexico to New York, lets say, they are probably willing to take a job in Washington. Migrant labour helps to keep economies on an even keel. And they are consumers, too, renting accommodation and buying goods and services.His civilization customers, who are fond of Smirnoff vodka and east European lager, delight the owner of the off-licence for example in Holloway road. Holloway supermarkets, fast-food restaurants and other shops are boom too. Business benefits- price/wage growth is promising to slow or evanesce back, protected by the minimum wage, as a new supply of working age migrants boost the Scottish economy. This provides fetch business benefits and helps explain the CBIs support for managed immigration to support business growth. A shortage of workers can stifle growth and lead to wage inflation reducing the competitiveness of Scottish made goods.There is a popular myth is that economic migrants come here and steal our jobs. There is no fixed supply of jobs, indeed more workers in the economy fuel more jobs. So attracting new labour into work will actually create jobs rather than reduce them. Indeed many sectors cope to fill vacancies leading to skill shortages both within essential public services and in the private sector. To conclude, like in every phenomenon there are blessings and threats to others. But the 21st century phenomenon of economic migration is a reality that openly threatens peace in the world.States and the international community together should contain this question into their political strategies in order to find ways and means likely to give rise to a better socioeconomic and security balance among people. news count (excluding bibliography)- 1996 words BIBLIOGRAPHY Newspapers ? The Economist home run edition- Migration, May 10th 2001 ? The Economist crisscross edition- of bed sheets and bison grass vodka, Jan 3rd, 2008 Web pages and TV ? http//issues. takingitglobal. org ? http//www. globalfootprints. org/issues ? www. migrationwatchuk. org ? http//www. northlan. ov. uk/business+and+employment/local+economy/economic+inf ormation/ ? Colonel Kaumbu Yankole Army / Democratic state of the Congo- is migration a threat? ? Bbc news- Migration causes pressure in UK. Wednesday, 17 October 2007 ? http//www. economist. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=E1_NGDRDTJ Books ? Suman Gupta and Tope Omoniyi- The cultures of economic migration international perspectives, 2007 ? Bjorn Lomborg- Solutions for the worlds biggest problems costs and benefits ? Stephen Glover- Migration an economic and social analysis, c2001