Effects of Globalisation on Indian Society Essay

Indian Society is among the oldest in the world and varied and complex in its heritage. But about 200 years of colonial rule changed its socio-cultural process. India was turned into an appendage of the British empire. British colonial policy transformed its economy, society and polity. The British colonial authority was responsible for the introduction of the modern state in India. They surveyed the land, settled land revenues, created a modern bureaucracy, army, police, instituted law courts and helped in the codification of laws. The colonial administration developed communications, the railways, the postal system, telegraph, roads and the canal system. It introduced English language and took steps for the establishment of universities. The above changes set in motion a number of forces which had long-term and often adverse consequences for the Indian economy and society. These changes were not oriented towards causing balanced development and progress of the Indian society. They only served the imperial interests of the colonial authority. India which had a glorious past, had become one of the poorest countries when it freed itself from colonial bondage. In 1948-49 India’s national income was 86. 5 thousand million rupees. Which meant a per capita income of only 264 (rupees). This was one of the lowest in the world. India had a predominant agrarian economy. 72 percent of its total workforce was dependant upon agriculture. Organised industries accounted for two percent of the workforce. The colonial authority pursued policies which led to pouperisation of the peasants, who had reduced to the position of share-croppers, marginal tenants and landless agricultural labourers. At the dawn of independence India was economically dependant upon advanced countries. Its exports consisted of primary products while its imports consisted of manufactures from industrialised countries. It also showed a marked deficit in the balance of trade. The economy was characterised by a pronounced economic dualism. The economic structure was also intricately related to a society having features which seriously affected the growth and operation of new institutions. The country was typically characterised by a class structure in which power was highly concentrated in a small elite. This included, on the one hand, classes whose power was associated with the traditional sector and, on the other, newer classes whose power was associated with the growth of the modern sector. Their combined membership was very small in comparison to the mass of small cultivators, landless agricultural labourers, unskilled workers and unemployed or underemployed. Between the elite at the top and the masses at the bottom, there was a very small middle class consisting of pet businessmen, semi-skilled blue-collar workers and small property owners. These peculiarities had a bearing upon a new nation resharing itself in a post-colonial world. Further, social interactions in India were based on considerations of race, religion caste, community, language and region. After independence India experienced a politics of scarcity on account of the above factors. Political independence raised expectations of the masses. The nationalist elite, who had played in a key role in the freedom struggle, became the new power-elite They and their socio-cultural background set the goals of the new dispensation. Apart from economic development and social transformation achieving economic and political self-reliance was a new goal of the independent Indian state. The goal of integration of the country was also important to the ruling elite. Independent India adopted the Westminister model for sharing its political institutions. The parliamentary form of government with a federal state structure was the only alternative before the constitution-making forum. The modern elite wanted to reconstruct the social structure on modern foundations of law, individual merit and secular education. They therefore, favoured a transition from traditional rural economy to one based on scientifically planned industry and agriculture. To achieve this objective Community Development project and Five-year Plans were introduced. India thus became a welfare state. The objective of the Indian State being to correct the distorted nature of the economy and society, which had been its colonial inhavitance, the newly goals were : self-sustained growth, high rate of growth, equality, equity and justice and state and nation-building.

On the Subway Essay

The poem â€Å"On the Subway† by Sharon Olds is a free-verse poem about a white woman and a young black man who find themselves alone with each other on the subway, facing each other from the opposite sides of the car. As they observe each other, the woman relates her thoughts about the situation, which reflect the fear and tension of living an urban life. The fact that the young man before her is black is of particular significance to her. She reflects on the general predicament of blacks, and emphasizes the inequality between her and the young man. Most of the poem’s intended message, expressed from a socially-aware perspective, is explicitly stated; although Olds uses symbolism and figurative language, even a literal take on the poem will deliver much of her intended meaning. Virtually everyone who reads the poem will be familiar with the issues it takes up, so the poem does not inform, but reminds the reader of the woeful imbalance of power and privilege in society. It is only through the poem’s title that the reader knows the setting and contextualizes the poem’s body; even before body of the poem is read, the title is able to set the tone to some degree: the subway is a dark and lonely place, where people are squeezed together but remain cold and uninterested in each other. The woman finds herself alone on the car with a young black man with the â€Å"casual cold look of a mugger,† as she puts it. She also mentions that she wears â€Å"†¦dark fur, the / whole skin of an animal taken and / used†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11-1), which prefigures her coming discussion of the propensity of her â€Å"kind,† which is the white race, for taking advantage and stealing the rights of others. This brings her to a consideration of the boy’s possible behavior towards her, making her contemplate the possibility that the boy would choose to take his vengeance on this member of his white oppressors. The speaker’s thoughts revolve around the imbalance of power in the car, and she contrasts it with the imbalance of power in society in general. The narrative is communicated from a socially-aware perspective. She speaks of â€Å"†¦eating the steak / he does not eat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (19-20) of â€Å"†¦how easy this / white skin makes my life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (27-28), where â€Å"†¦without meaning or / trying to I must profit from his darkness† (22-23). She is here speaking of the prevalent racial inequality that is still very much a part of social reality. The narrator is the more â€Å"privileged† side of this temporary dichotomy, although the distribution of privilege becomes obscure in the brief period of time that they share the small space on the car, isolated from the rest of civilization: â€Å"I didn’t know / if I am in his power† (14-15), â€Å"†¦or if he is in my power† (18). The two observe each other quietly, without interacting. In this tense situation, she observes how weak she is, and how the young man is physically superior to her. She is â€Å"†¦wearing dark fur†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11), and she points out that â€Å"he could take my coat so easily, my / briefcase, my life† (16-17). She observes â€Å"†¦how easy this / white skin makes my life, this / life he could take so easily†¦ † (27-29). She is aware that, without the protection of society, she could easily become the oppressed, and he the oppressor. By juxtaposing her concrete physical powerlessness compared to the boy with what she believes is the general powerlessness of blacks and the weakness of the black identity in the white-dominated world, she creates a striking pseudo-paradox. The speaker contrasts her socially-constructed position of privilege with the boy’s obvious â€Å"privilege† of strength and almost absolute power over the speaker as long as they are in the car. Here the speaker highlights the irony found in the fact that, although she belongs to the more powerful â€Å"race,† she is temporarily powerless before this young member of the less powerful portion of society. There is perhaps something objectionable about the speaker’s attitude towards the young man. She speaks of his â€Å"casual cold look of a mugger† (8), and of his shirt, which is â€Å"red, like the inside of the body / exposed† (10-11), suggesting an association with violence. She immediately associates the young man with urban crime, and gives him too little credit for being a person in his own right, but instead reduces him to a stereotype, to no more than a representative of the suffering and wickedness of his race. She does not blame him or his race, however, but instead blames â€Å"†¦the murderous beams of the / nation’s heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (24-25). Nevertheless, her condescending â€Å"appreciation† of the boy’s predicament is probably as unwelcome as the oppression that she unintentionally â€Å"inflicts† upon him. Granted, the situation discourages any attempt of either passenger at getting insight into the other’s personality, so she cannot get any deeper appreciation of the young man. Olds uses a simple and familiar situation, which is riding on the subway, as a vehicle for her reflections on the perversities of society. It is an extremely familiar worldview that the poem’s narrator expresses, and thus there are no radical ideas. The essence of this poem is nothing that has not been said before by countless others, but the poem stands out because of the juxtaposition of the two kinds of power that she reflects upon as they observe each other. However, to fully appreciate this poem, it must be realized that the speaker is not to be trusted entirely; she does a disservice to the black race by the method of her approach to the matter. She ignores that fact that the young man is a person and instead renders him into an abstract entity. Thus, the poem provokes a two-fold criticism of the white race: their oppressiveness, and their tendency to stereotype the oppressed. The heavy realism and simplicity of the poem effectively delivers its message of condemnation for the perceived oppression of whites by blacks. This message also benefits from the poem’s free-verse form. There is also no explicit pattern and no pretensions in the delivery of the speaker’s thoughts, suggesting the narrative’s unadulterated honesty. Through the poem’s simplicity and directness, what Olds ultimately communicates is an attitude of abstract concern for a concrete individual.

INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS - Essay Example Even though, restrictive policies are tools used to prevent or reverse inflation, they also reduce the aggregate demand. Tax-based policies employ tax incentives to encourage compliance with specified wage and price policies. The author then talks business cycles which allow the simultaneous pursuit of the steady price level and high employment policy objectives. Furthermore, the author indicates that the interest rate policies are determined by the macroeconomic coordination process in which a leniency in monetary policy can set off an MCP and lower interest rates, while expansionary fiscal policy can set off an MCP and raise interest rates. The chapter then discusses the data problems and policy delays which include the recognition lag, implementation lag and the impact lag associated with the implementation of different policies (Ashby, 2009). Chapter 11 Chapter 11 deals with international issues related to the macroeconomic environment through balance of payments, pegged rates an d domestic policy and flexible rate and domestic policy. The ratio domestic and foreign currency, in this case, dollar ($) and euro (â‚ ¬) is the exchange rate, that is, the international value of the dollar, stated as the euro cost of a dollar.

Quantitative Easing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Easing - Essay Example Right now, the Fed has cut significance rates as far as they can go and the financial system is still under pressure. This identifies as the â€Å"zero bound.† The Fed cannot go any worse meaning that it has reached its end point. In this situation, the central bank can try quantitative moderation (Wieland & National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009, 2). This is because the centralized set aside can just generate dollars out of thin air. It buys up properties like long-term treasuries or mortgage-backed protection from viable banks and other institutions. This pumps cash into the U.S. savings and reduces lasting interest rates added (Shirakawa & Ginko, 2009, 4). Usually, central banks attempt to increase the quantity of lending and movement in the economy circuitously. Lower interest rates give confidence people to spend, not keep (Shirakawa & Ginko?, 2002, 34). Confident people or investors are always risking which is the reason why they succeed in terms of business. Once the interest rates alleviates, the central bank’s only alternative is to push cash into the market directly. That is what is termed as quantitative easing (QE). The method employed by the central bank is extremely effective because it helps maintain economic standards and lessens market fluctuations. The technique employed by the central bank is through buying property. Usually, the properties purchased are government bonds by means of cash that is generated through business done out of slight atmosphere. The institutions advertising those bonds; will afterward have "original" cash in their accounts. This money will then boosts the cash supply. Earlier on before 200 8, quantitative easing had never been tried in the UK. Is it Printing Money? Nowadays the Bank of England is not obligated to accurately print cash; it is all prepared electronically. These economists still quarrel that quantitative easing is the same view as printing currency. This is on purpose development of the central bank's balance sheet and the economic support (Trefgarne & Centre for Policy Studies, 2009, 67). How it Works Under quantitative easing, a central bank purchases administration bonds from personal segment companies or institutions. The most outstanding participants include insurance companies, allowance finances and High Street banks. This amplified require for the government bonds to be pushed up by their significance (Nakazono, Ueda & Ginko, 2011, 45). These companies lend to individuals, instead of purchase any more of the bonds. The individuals spend the cash for investments which helps stabilize the economy. The anticipation is that, with banks, allowance fun ds and insurance firms become excited about lending to companies and persons. How to tell if it has Worked The bank of England report into the result of its first round of quantitative easing recommended that they had helped to boost the UK's annual financial output. This was done by involving, 1.5% and 2%, representative that the effects of the involuntary had been "reasonably necessary". Yet some analysts have complained that because quantitative easing started in the UK in 2008 lending to businesses and private has remained lethargic (Trefgarne & Centre for Policy Studies, 2009, 78). The basic information is no-one knows how awful the UK market would have been without quantitative easing. As BBC finances, Editor Stephanie Flanders said: "Quantitative easing might have saved the market from a credit-led despair. One of the things of quantitative easing is to push up the market value of administration bonds and accordingly to push down acquiesce they grant investors. Effects

Analysis of Accounts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Accounts - Case Study Example This report presents an analysis of Margate plc’s financial performance in the past five years while comparing it with industry peer, Herne Bay Ltd. In addition to this, the report also presents an analysis of cash flows of the company during the past 2 years and at the same time states how financial ratio analysis may not be effective enough for presenting an accurate and useful financial analysis for analysts and investors. At the end of the report, conclusion and recommendations are presented for High Deen plc as far as investment in Margate plc is concerned. Financial Ratio Analysis Based on the information provided in relation to the financial performance of Margate plc in 2012 and 2011, following is an analysis of it performance through selected financial ratios. The financial ratios presented below also take into consideration the ratios determined for the company for the financial years 2010, 2009 and 2008. In addition to this, for conducting a comparative analysis of the company with its competitor, ratios for Herne Bay Ltd have also been determined for the years 2012 and 2011. Return on Capital Employed The return on capital employed for Margate plc increased in 2011 due to significant increase in the revenues but then in 2012 with a decline in revenue, the ratio declined. On the other hand, one other reason for this decline is increase in the total capital employed by the company, which ultimately reduced this ratio. However, while comparing Margate plc’s return on capital employed with the Herne Bay Ltd’s ROCE, it can be observed that the company has almost maintained its position in relation to its competitor (Peterson & Fabozzi, 2012; Jiambalvo, 2010; Helfert, 2001). Ratio Margate plc Herne Bay Ltd

Discuss and explain how printing affected the authority held by the Essay

Discuss and explain how printing affected the authority held by the church and the aristocracy in the Europe and how this led to profound social and political changes - Essay Example The practical value of literacy would at all times be essential. The ultimate practical use was apparently in the purposes of the Church, since merely a knowledgeable clergy may be the authorities of religious life. In other words, literacy was the Church’s protection, which had supreme control over education. The invention of printing, entailing more efficient and more economical means of book production, transformed the dilemma of illiteracy. Francis Bacon, living in the period directly after the introduction of Gutenberg’s printing press, illustrated as one of the remarkable inventions of the century which had revolutionized the form and condition of the entire world (Hill 2001). The objective of this paper is to explore the impact of the printing press on the authority of the Church and aristocracy in Europe as well as its contribution in the profound social and political changes that the continent experienced in the iron century. The absolute goal of making the population literate was to persuade them of the rightness of their own points of view. The period of the Counter Reformation can hence be viewed as an extended practice in the development of methods of persuasion. It was the printed ideas, circulated through manuscripts, newspapers and pamphlets that eventually surfaced as the most persuasive technique of propaganda. In the Middle Ages, the pulpit had been the primary arbiter of public judgment, and this important role persisted all over the seventeenth century. Unparalleled victory was attained by the clerics of the Counter Reformation, who, through this method originated the remarkable progresses initiated by Lutherans through the effective exploitation of the pulpit. Sermons realized a twofold victory, further. They were transmitted by word of mouth; then, they were printed and circulated in order to get to an even wider audience (Kamen 1971). So

Thematic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thematic Analysis - Essay Example According to the original story, Charlie’s father had lost his job as a result of automation and mechanization. Wonka’s motivation in getting the Oompa-Loompas work for his factory could be cost reduction. The way the Oompa-Loompas are portrayed makes them no different from slaves. They are like commodities, without any intellect, individuality or demands. They are content with cacao beans and do not mind being experimented on. In fact, there is little distinction between man and machine inside this wonderful chocolate factory (Lucas 208). Dark-skinned pygmies change to knee-high dwarves and their homeland shifts from Africa to Loompaland due to a public outcry. The capitalist wants someone like ‘him’ to inherit the empire. So he asks Charlie to leave the family behind. The Wonka-Charlie equation is much like the owner-worker equation. From this angle, one of the major differences between Mel Stuart’s ‘Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory†™ (1971) and Tim Burton’s ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’ (2005) is Charlie’s reaction to Wonka’s offer at the end. In the former, Charlie very gladly and readily accepts the ‘special gift’ but in the latter, interestingly, Charlie declines the offer saying that his family is his top priority. Wonka comes round to Charlie’s viewpoint. ... One wonders as to what qualities of Charlie go into making him the hero of the story. Probably to fill this gap, Mel Stuart’s film adds the episode of Slugworth trying to lure Charlie, when he finds the golden ticket. Otherwise, Charlie is a hero by default. The most positive thing about him is that he has few or no negatives. Being poor, meek and polite seems to be sufficient for one to taste great success in life (Frey 4). That amounts to selling dreams to the common man. Wonka’s idea of the golden ticket contest is a universal business strategy to this day. Ethically such campaigns cannot be endorsed because they play on people’s greed for quick money. But that is how Charlie’s journey to riches begins and that too with a coin found in the gutter. Certainly, Wonka would not have got rich that way. Instead of encouraging the value of knowledge, planning and diligence, the story appears to overemphasize the role of luck. In this aspect again, we see a var iation between the two films. In the 1971 adaptation, Charlie is tempted to steal a swig of a Fizzy Lifting Drink and has to expiate later. The indication is that a member of the workers class can never be so honest as to meet the expectations of Wonka’s sophisticated class. He is bound to slip. The 2005 version, however, makes no mention of this episode. Till the end of the story, Charlie makes no mistakes and does not have to be ‘excused’. On the contrary, it is Wonka who realizes the defect in his own viewpoint which made him believe that family and business are incompatible. This difference is suggestive of a U-turn in attitude within the three-decade-plus time gap between the two films. The way the four naughty children get their punishments

Symbolism in The Red Convertible by Louise Erdrich Essay

Symbolism in The Red Convertible by Louise Erdrich - Essay Example The car becomes an integral part of the relationship between the brothers. They embark on a long trip, taking turns driving the car. On their return, Henry gets drafted into the Army where he becomes a marine. While leaving, he entrusts the car to Lyman’s care and hands over his keys. Once Henry returns home from the Vietnam War, he suffers stress disorders and, in a bid to divert Henry’s attention from the traumatic memories of war, Lyman whacks the car so Henry will focus his attention on fixing it. As expected, Henry commits himself to repairing the car. The brothers again take a trip to the Red River, where they fight, reconcile and then Henry commits suicide. The story’s main focus is the bondage between the brothers and Erdrich uses symbolism throughout the narrative to emphasize the strength of their relationship. Right at the beginning of the story, the author uses the color red as a symbol of bonding between the brothers. By deploying the â€Å"Red Convertible† as a fascination for the brothers, the author symbolizes the blood relationship between them. The car rather assumes the proportion of a living character rather than a non-living thing in the brothers’ lives when Lyman reminisces about it as being â€Å"reposed, calm and gleaming† instead of being parked in the place (McMahan et al. p†¦.).

Consumer Mathmatics and Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Mathmatics and Statistics - Assignment Example On the first look, we may say that the claim would be true and we are more likely to believe on it. But, we should also consider that the researcher is implying a connection between Vitamin E being an antioxidant and that it may help fight cancer and heart disease. That is a faulty connection. Noticeably, the use of the word â€Å"might† reduces the ability of the claim to be a 100% true. For we know, using words such as â€Å"may† or â€Å"might†, does not guarantee or assure us that a result will always follow. The researcher has not established a correction connection, thus, used the statistics incorrectly, specifically implied connection mistake was committed (Statistics, nd). To address the problem, the researcher must avoid using words that would suggest a doubt to the readers. Another misuse of statistics is called suspect samples. To illustrate this, let us consider a statement made by an author in a recent article, claiming that 71% of adults do not use sunscreen. Determining the correct sample size and correct sampling method is one of the crucial parts of doing statistics. The previous statement is quite misleading since the sample used was not declared or where did the sample has came from was not stated. If these 71% of the adults are from the North Pole, which there is no enough sunlight for nearly four months, then that would be true. However, the conclusion would not be correct since those adults do not represent the whole number of adults in the US or in the world. Or, if the samples were from countries like Saudi Arabia, the Middle East or regions experiencing a hot climate and direct sunlight, the results would have been different. That is, we can conclude that most adults are using sunscreen. In eliminating the mistake, the researcher should present a data or report that the readers can conclude that the samples are really representative of the population being studied, or indicate a reliable source of the information

Produce a clear understand of the Coca-Cola Company in Australia Essay Example for Free

Produce a clear understand of the Coca-Cola Company in Australia Essay This report was written to satisfy the pass requirements of Marketing in Principles at Sydney Western International College. This study is aims to produce a clear understand of the Coca-Cola Company in Australia. The analysis of the Coca-Coal company brings an overview of how does the company has achieved its goals, their strategies and future growth. The investigation was also seek to find out how this well populated Coca-Cola products satisfied the customers and how they are different from other companies upon their marketing strategies. In order to achieve the objectives literature search was conducted by using websites, books, newspaper articles and journals. These categories help to compare the general marketing strategies with the Coca-Cola company strategies. Useful information regards to marketing help us to study the environment of the company. The final outcome of the report was that they have followed a complete theory on marketing to achieve its goals. Even the company had to face for the decline stage, the performance of the good management and advertising tools assist the organization to win the market and avoid distractions. The biggest challenge was been the Pepsi company which had a diametrical increase within a short time and populated in all over the world as Coca-Cola changing the whole marketing situation and attracting other companies consumers to their product. In conclusion this research was able to carry out current marketing situation, SWOT analysis, Issue Analysis, Company objectives, Marketing Strategy, Action Programs and Controls of the Coca-Cola Company. Strengths in Coca Cola Company (sponsorships) 1. In August 1993, FIFA working in co-operation with The Coca-Cola Company introduced a ranking system for football (soccer) men senior national teams. The system makes it possible to publish comparisons of the relevance strengths of internationally active teams at regular intervals. Since its introduction, the FIFA/Coca-Cola Ranking has proved to be a reliable measure for comparing national A-teams. To ensure that the FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking always reflects the current status, FIFA primarily evaluates matches played in the 12 months prior to the date on which it is issued. Performance over the previous years is also taken into account, however. Basically, the score obtained from the current 12 months is added to that of the immediately preceding seven years with each previous year being devalued continually. The company help for sports it is a charity work 2. Healthy eating, physical activity what promotes healthy bones in growing children and youth? According to a decade of significant research, a combination of exercise and adequate calcium intake encourages good bone development in adolescents and children. To absorb calcium properly, a child also needs sufficient Vitamin D. Some parents wonder if other food and beverage ingredients could influence bone development. Studies on phosphorous and caffeine both used in small amounts in soft drinks have shown they have no significant effect on bone mass. The U.S. National Institutes of Health, as well as other sources, report no appreciable connection between these nutrients and an individuals calcium balance. This position counters a small body of work that has suggested associations between soft drink consumption and bone fractures in teen girls. The company help for childrens activities 3. Community works Society advances on the strength of community: people sharing their ideas and resources to reach common goals. We seek to strengthen local communities worldwide through our support for education, through partnerships with other organizations and through acts of citizenship by the people of Coca-Cola. We support education because of its power to expand opportunities for individuals and increase understanding between cultures. We partner with national and international organizations to alleviate economic disadvantage and help improve the quality of life in local communities. Together with our local bottling partners, we strengthen communities by giving with our hands and our hearts, as partners in the promise of a better life. (Strength, 2004) Weaknesses in Coca Cola Company. The threat of Coca Cola Company is that as their business too much vast compare to this their branches all around the world are not enough. (Our company, 2004) Opportunities in Coca Cola Company In regard to opportunities of Coca Cola Company are the western Philippines island of Pal wan, poverty-stricken children at rural schools have been known to look for edible plants to eat during recess. The Philippines Division of The Coca-Cola Company has launched a community initiative called NutriBreak to improve the daily nutrition intake of underprivileged children who attend Little Red Schoolhouses. Under the nutrition program, the governments Food and Nutrition Research Institute and Banquet State University have partnered to develop a nutritious snack for the schoolchildren. The snack provides kids with the daily requirement of protein and carbohydrates and is served with our vitamin-fortified Eight Oclock orange juice drink, as a part of the Philippines Divisions Active Lifestyle (AL) program. The Little Red Schoolhouse Project, the flagship program of The Coca-Cola Foundation Philippines, has already built fifty schoolhouses in the Philippines remote areas. The NutriBreak nutrition program will ultimately reach all fifty Little Red Schoolhouses They try to expand childrens charity works (our company 2003) THE COCA-COLA COMPANY INCREASES ANNUAL DIVIDEND BY 11 PERCENT 40th Consecutive Annual Increase Atlanta, February 21, 2002 The Coca-Cola Companys Board of Directors today announced it has increased the quarterly dividend from 18 cents to 20 cents per common share, equivalent to an annual dividend of 80 cents per share. This increase reflects the Companys significant free cash flow generation. This is the Companys 40th consecutive annual increase of its dividend. The dividend is payable April 1, 2002, to share owners of record as of March 15, 2002. They increased their board of directors Threats in Coca Cola Company The have only one company to challenge for their products it is Pepsi cola company. But however they have a complete control over it. (Threats, 2004) Action Programs As for as new products are concerned they are looking for health-conscious consumers should as consumers first look to nutrient-rich foods to obtain their daily nutrition. In this regard their Chef Barr Hogen is working out. (New releases, 2004) Four New Products, Super Nutrition The new Odwalla juice beverages Blueberry Smoothie, Protein Tropic ale(tm), Passionate C(tm) and Organic Orange Juice are available in 1.5 litre (50.8 fluid oz.) multi-serve recyclable-plastic bottles. Blueberry Smoothie and Protein Tropic ale(tm) are also offered in a new 11 fluid oz. size bundled into handy 4-packs. Suggested retail price for the multi-serve and 4-packs are $3.99 each, providing an affordable price for such premium juice products. These new products will be stocked in the refrigerated juice case, making it convenient for consumers to find them in the store. Drink It and Thrive At Odwalla, they chosen a variety of great-tasting and nutritious fruits, as well as other ingredients call super foods for these new juice beverages and Smoothie, are for healthiness and Wellness. As health-conscious consumers should first look to nutrient-rich foods to obtain their daily nutrition. Too often, consumers turn to pills and powders for what they think is an easy nutritional fix. Juices, however, are a convenient, flavourful and hydrating form of natural nutrition. Chef Hogens newest product recipes include a line-up of four delicious tasting products: * Odwalla Blueberry Smoothie is a blend of blueberries, blackberries and raspberries combined with oranges, apples and bananas to make a sweet and silky Smoothie. The bluesy blueberries boast a blow to free radicals, with a rhapsody of antioxidants and anthocyanins. This 100% fruit juice blend contains no added sweeteners. * Odwalla Protein Tropic ale is a tantalizing blend of tropical fruit juices and purees such as pineapple, mango and passionfruit, combined with 4 grams of soy protein per serving. * Odwalla Passionate C is a scrumptious sipper of orange, apple, mango, banana, strawberry, and acerola cherry (one of natures highest vitamin C-packed fruits) and passionfruit. Each vibrant 8 fluid oz. serving provides 470% of the Daily Value for vitamin C. * Odwalla Organic Orange Juice, made only from certified 100% organically grown oranges, underscores the companys commitment to sustainable agriculture and natural-resources conservation. The Coca-Cola Company objectives Marketing Objectives The company is dedicated to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace for its employees, suppliers, contractors and customers. As the company is large it is hard to continue to grow at a steady space. The competition is higher than ever before. And the forthcoming competition and challenge for the company in the targeting markets leads them to be more accurate and more efficient. The company has faced for the big challenge with its main against competitor Pepsi. Since the time the company met this new competitor it has to change its strategies, directors, distribution methods and promotion system. As consumers are drinking more and more new beverages, coca-cola company plan to improve their products with respect to the prices. The following objectives have been taken into consideration (Coca-ColaCCA, 2003) Market Place * Improve the quality of the product and deliver that quality without any changes to every market place. * Gain the success of suppliers, distributors and retailers who connected with the coca-cola network. * Provide more jobs, facilities, and marketing in the local market as well as in the global market. * Reduce the price but remain the quality of product or increase the quality of the product. * Innovation in the products they offer, the process they use to make them, the package they develop and ways they bring them to the market will change to a proper way and increase the efficiency,. The delivery system will faster than ever before. Work Place * Improve the safety of the work place. * Make it as the most diverse organization on the earth, with talented employees who bring a variety of intellectual, professional, ethnic and cultural perspectives to the company. * Make the policies to foster an inclusive environment that encourages all employees to develop and perform to their fullest potential. Consumer Needs * Improve the tasty and provide more hygienic beverages than today. * Offer a valuable price, which satisfied the customer. * Readily available in every time in the market place, especially where in places that the product is well consumed. * Fulfil the consumers expectation in order to satisfy the consumers and win the market place. *Growth Drivers, which company targeting on, are; -Profitable profit generation -Cost reduction -Customer service improvement -Capital Management -The Coca-Cola company relationship Financial Objectives The company is now focusing on the earning per share. They are expecting to increase the earning per share from 12% to 15%. Also expect to increase the net profit from 10% to 15% and return on capital employed growth from 1pt to 1.5pts. The changes of financial performance over the previous years indicate the future growth of the company (Refer Appendix- A and B and C). Current Marketing Situation ? Market Situation The company has a strong place in the market. The head of the marketing Mr. Sergio Zyman develop the company strategies to promote their product more efficiently than other competitors. From the whole beverage the Coca-Cola Company has achieved market more than 78%. With its indulgency, the company has the best selling and quality assurance comparing to other beverages. ? Service Situation The company performs a standard delivery service, which runs on time basis. Services are spread into every state including NSW, Victoria, Perth, and Queensland. High quality service guarantees that the company product exists in the market better than before. Marketing executives of the company always capable and available to help for their customers and resellers. The company well conducted with their wholesalers and retailers in order to encourage them and to be with them. Attract to another competitor is neglected upon this situation. ? Distribution Situation The company has the best selling images. It reserves more on advertising and its been useful and beneficial to increase their profit and production. Introductions like fast-lane merchandisers are continually increase each period. Agreements with colleges, universities and other public and private sectors help them to keep their product in one whole market and avoid entering of other competitors. (Schermehorn etal, 2004 p 46) Conclusion From all above facts and figure of the company. The strength of the company more than the weakness and likewise opportunities with compare to threats it concludes that company has strong swot analysis, which is a positive sign. As for as Current Marketing Situation is concerned with respect to market situation, service situation and distribution situation is much better than its competitors (Pepsi). The company is dedicated to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace for its employees, suppliers, contractors and customers; the coca cola company also have many campaigns in markets. Financial Objectives the Coca-Cola Company objectives are increasing day by day which shows that company will increase its sale ratio annually from 11% of the previous year to 20% in next coming 5 years. Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C KEY FINANCIALS 2003 2002 2001 2000 Change in 2000-2003 Revenue ($ million) 1,882.9 1,776.8 1,675.1 1,558.1 +6.5% Volume (million unit cases) 301.2 285.8 275.1 263.3 +4.6% Revenue per Unit Case ($) 6.25 6.22 6.09 5.92 +1.8% EBIT ($ million) 377.7 317.0 288.9 272.0 +11.6% EBIT margin (%) 20.1 17.8 17.2 17.5 Capex to Revenue (%) 5.2 1.7 3.5 4.8 Reference List Coca-ColaCCA, 2003 the CCA World [online] http://www.coca colacca .com _20020301 .html (Accessed: 29-04-04) My company, 2003 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2.coca-cola.com/ourcompany/whatsnew_20030404 .html 24.2KB in: 1, Coca: 1, Cola: 1, Company: 1, opportunities in.: 25 (Accessed: 29-04-04) New releases, 2004 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2cocacolacom/pre sscenter/nr_20030204_odwalla_new_juices.html (Accessed: 15-05-04) Our Company, 2004 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2.coca-cola.com/ourcompany/whatsnew_20020301 .html 23.5KB in: 1, Coca: 1, Cola: 1, Company: 1, weaknesses in.: 23 (Accessed: 29-04-04) Schermehorn etal, 2004 p46. Marketing Strategies: Ed: 4 New York (29-04-04) Threats, 2004 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2.coca cola.com /our company/whatsnew_20020301.html 23.5KB in: 1, Coca: 1, Cola: 1, Company: 1, weaknesses in.: 23(Accessed: 05-05-04)

Sociological and Biological Constructs of Health

Sociological and Biological Constructs of Health CONTENTS Introduction1 Section 1 Definition of health and illness-2 Evaluate Sociological and biological constructs of health3 Section 2 Structural patterns in inequality in modern Britain-4 Evaluation of unequal distribution of illness5 Section 3 Factors that reduce the freedom of health care -6 Structures of healthcare service that might affect individuals7 Section 4 Conclusion8 Section 5 Reference-9 Introduction This report aims to understand and analyse the different definitions of health and illness in different perspectives, evaluate them and identify structural patterns in inequality in Modern Britain. It also evaluates unequal distribution of illness from different perspectives among different groups. It identifies problems that might occur in accessing health care among different groups in modern Britain. Finally it evaluates changes in healthcare services and the structures, and how this might affect different groups in the society. DIFINING HEALTH AND ILLNESS The speech â€Å"Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder,† can be used to define my own version of health and illness as to what our views are about health and illness. For example I view health as been strong and healthy enough to carry out my daily chores, on the contrary inability to achieve it will be blamed on my physical health. So how do people view health and illness? World health organisation (1946) defines health as the mental and physical wellbeing. On the other hand illness will be the defined as lack of mental and physical wellbeing. The biopsychosocial model view health and illness as the interaction between biomedical, social and psychological factors. Biomedical refers to genetic factors such as inherited conditions and physiological changes of individuals, psychologically how we manifest our feelings and thought and socially how we socialise and communicate with persons and group of persons in the society as a whole. The interaction with all of these factors, coupled with cultural differences among different groups of people in Britain will influence the way we view health and illnesses. Holistic model view health and illness by taking into account the whole person, which includes the person’s body, spirit and mind. This mode is much more individualised to the person involved and rarely take into account wider picture and the social and environmental factors that might possibly influence health and illness across various cultures. Biomedical models defines health and illness by using scientific measure to determine if a person is ill or not, as they believe that illness is caused by physical factors, such as physiological changes in the body and inherited genes, in case of mental health causes might be referred to neurotransmitters defect, biochemistry which might be linked to high increase of dopamine to the frontal cortex of the brain and so on. As such blood test, analysis and series of test are carried out to identify the causes and this may enable them to classify the illness and provide appropriate treatment through the use of drugs to control or cure the condition. Biomedical model view human body as a machine, in real sense machines do develop a mechanical fault and will require fixing up. This is how biomedical model view the body, at a point it might break down and require fixing up through surgery or drugs. Sociological model believes that health and illness are caused by factors outside of the physiological changes in the body. This model attributes causes of ill health to poverty and inequality, socio standard of behaviour and communication in the society. Sociological model view health to be socially constructed in the society to control people. They also believe that different factors such as psychological, political, social, economic, biological, and culture and environment influenced the way people view health in the society. Health is not an easy term to define. For some it encompasses mental health, for others physical and mental health are compartmentalized. A perception of health or mental health is not only defined within the medical context, but it is also defined by the patient within a sociocultural context that includes family and social network as well as a wide selection of potential providers. Such definitions may vary from one culture to another, Warwick-Boot (2012). Biomedical models does have some advantages as it enable the medical team to carry out series of medical test to find out any physiological changes. However, scientifically, there has been no expansion of drug innovation, old drugs have been manufactured under different names doing the same thing as previous drugs. This raise concern if these drug manufacturers are neutral to the medical teams. Areas with major health concerns and needs are been neglected and drugs budget have been dramatically reduced due to the poverty conditions of these groups for the fact that they might not make a lot of profit, this refers to the medical professionals as iatrogenesis meaning they are the cause of health problems. The benefit of Sociological model is that it takes into account the factors outside of the physiological changes in the body such as psychological, political, social, economic, biological, culture and environment when viewing health and illness. The down side to it is that way cultures and different groups view health and illness changes over time. For example once homosexuality was viewed as illness and now it is normal in a society. Section 2 Ethnicity According to M. Senior, B Viveash (1998) refers to ethnicity as a way of life, behaviour that one acts on to make a sense of their cultural identity in a particular group in the society as a whole. Movement in and out of Britain have made Britain into more diversified cultural society today, to those who preserved it. Though several ethnic minorities are small, but in some cases there are larger ones in some demographic region like Brent in London. This makes it more obvious for a particular health need to be cared for in an area where ethnic groups are concentrated in. The biological model often refers to the features which makes up the physical look of a person such as their skin colour to classify them into a group. Why the sociologists distinguishes people according to their ethnic groups. The artefact explanations strongly believe that there are specific health and illnesses associated within different ethnic groups. The sociologists have great concern in understanding why some certain health and illnesses are associated with different ethnic groups. Such as Afro-Caribbean linked with high rate of sickle cell anaemia an inherited blood disorder, why the White European have a high rate of haemophilia a disorder that prevents the clotting of blood and might cause someone to bleed to death if quick medical emergency intervention is not carried out on time. Also Asians are associated with high rate of heart diseases and so forth. It is important to examine the way ethnic groups have distributed themselves in the demographic regions of Britain to enable us to account for their numbers in a particular area, whether they are minor or large such as ethnic group in Brent in London, understand some health related issues associated with these specific groups and outline the health care needs of the majority of the local people in the society. Health inequalities exist among different groups. In this case among ethnic groups. Ethnicity and Culture According to Public Health Action Support (2011) there is evidence of documentation within ethnic inequalities in health outcomes in the UK. There are difficulties with the approach and measurement of ethnicity as to what the causes might be as outlined below. Ethnicity is regarded as a fluid concept, because it entails different meanings within different contexts. For example, an individual from Pakistan might consider himself as a Pakistani when filling out a form in the UK surveys, when filling out a form in the US might consider himself Asian. The definition of ethnicity is influenced by historical value and the current social and political context (Bradby, 2003). As definitions of ethnicity changes classifications such as race, skin colour, language, religion, nationality, country of origin, and culture do not change. These have limitations and implications in accessing health. Often reason for research are not clearly stated. Bhopal (1997) claims that ethnicity is a euphemism for race. Review of the literature, Comstock and colleagues (2004) found that researchers failed to differentiate between the concepts of race and ethnicity. Reliability and validity of measurements of ethnicity are huge concern to the society as a whole. Assigned ethnic identities may not match individual identities which threatens the validity of the research. Comparisons over time cannot reflect mixed ethnic identities. Finally classifying people as black, white, or Asian may mask differences associated between different groups of people. Ellison (2005). For the fact Ethnicity is not written on UK death certificates, and mortality data uses country of birth as a proxy, this systems fail to recognise ethnic minorities that are born in the UK. Findings on ethnic inequalities in mortality (Kelly Nazroo, 2008): Caribbean’s born in the UK have high rates of mortality from stroke. Men born in the Caribbean have low rates of mortality from coronary heart disease. Born in West/South Africa you may have high mortality rates from stroke, but low mortality rates from coronary heart disease. If born in South Asia you may have high mortality rates form coronary heart disease and stroke. Non-white individuals may have low mortality rates from respiratory disease and lung cancer, but high mortality rates of diabetes. Table 1: Analyses the rates of mortality by country of origin, England and Wales, 1989-1992. Source: Wild and McKeigue (1997:705) in Bartly (2004) Explanations for ethnic inequalities in health include: Biased results of statistical artefact. Illness are blamed on migrationprocess (change of environment). Genetic and biological differencesbetween ethnic groups may be a factor. It is associated with different culture and health behaviours. Poverty Experiences of various forms of racial abuse leads to health problems. Unequal treatment by the health care system in Britain. Ethnic inequalities in health care access still persist in NHS. The inverse care law, first described by Julian Tudor Hart in 1971, states: The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served. Goddard and Smith (2001) outline reasons for variations in access to health care: Availability:Some health care services may not be available to some population groups, or clinicians may have different propensities to offer treatment to patients from different population groups, even where they have identical needs. Quality: The quality of services offered to patients may vary between population groups. Costs:The health care services may impose costs (financial or otherwise) which vary between population groups. Information:The health care organisations may fail to ensure that all population groups are equally aware of the services available. The sociological perspectives to illness varies. The functionalism expects a large population to have division of labour as no one is self -sufficient to ensure that the society functions in an orderly manner. They also encourage people to seek and comply with medical advice for speedy recovery so as to return back to work. They understands people have to work, and people do not claim to be ill deliberately and as such should not be punished. This perspective do aim to protect workers from been abused or punished by their employer due to ill health, however they do overstate the importance of the doctors who have the power to make or break a patient which leads to lots of medical errors referred to as iatrogenesis. There could also be dependency on drugs to force people back to work. Marxism examine the economic systems of the capitalist society that shapes the society as a whole. As such the society is divided into two social groups which are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Bourgeoisie the private property owners and those that owns the means of production and create bogus profit are believed to have greater influences in the rules of the society. Why the proletariat (labourers), those who work for the bourgeoisie are been manipulated to believe that they are in a fair system. Marxism ideology encourages us to question the motives of the doctors as they intend to serve the rich people of the society. Due to the need to access healthcare and it is made available to the proletariat they have been made to believe that illness is a personal issue rather than socially constructed. Marxism does not acknowledge the the interaction between doctors patient and also they ignore the sickness and employment benefit offered by the capitalist states. Feminism views thinks men dominate the medical professions and make decisions about a woman’s body which affects women. They also feel that lack of understanding of a natural process of childbirth have been labelled to be a medical condition. Exhaustion from a new role as a mum, have also been labelled as depression. They also think why are women contraception over emphasized? And men left out. This explains the inequality and the patriarchy world we are in today. The interactionist views are that individuals attaches meaning to their own behaviour as well as others they also feel illness differ from person one person to person, even when they are diagnosed with the same condition. They are not always in compliance with the medical team that is why a dialogue is needed for mutual agreement between the doctor and the patient. Sometimes the doctors do not come to terms with a patient if they complain of a particular illness, and sometimes doctors label people with illness which affect the psyche of people’s mind and then making them psychosomatic by acting out those symptoms. If we look at post natal depression as an illness diagnosed by a medical team from all of this prospective we can see that the functionist view conforms to this by giving the medical team the power to label this individual, which results to administration of drugs that eventually will become tranquillizers which leads to dependency with much more side effects. From the Marxism point of view people will be brainwashed to accept the fact that they are suffering from this illness due to their personal physiological changes rather than socially constructed issues of the society as a whole. The feminist does not see post natal depression as an illness, rather they feel it is a natural process for a woman to become sore after the birth of a baby as they may have had episiotomy, sore breast, sleepless nights for caring for a new born, instead of labelling it and interrupting a natural process by medication, they feel the patriarchy medical team should understand things better from a womanâ €™s point of view. Finally post natal depression may be viewed as labelling an individual which into may utter their psyche and may begin to manifest the symptoms, they feel labelling someone may actually make them worse off. Can you think of human behaviours or conditions that have recently been mediatised? Think about what makes a person disabled? Write down some physical symptoms and then discuss how these can be ‘enabled’ in our society Section 3 Definitions of Health, Illness and Sickness http://nccc.georgetown.edu/body_mind_spirit/definitions_health_sickness.html __________________________________________ Warwick ____________________________________________________ Michael Senior with Bruce V Health Knowledge Inequalities in the distribution of health and health care http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity-policy/inequalities-distribution. Public Health Action Support 2011

Sophocles Philoctetes Essay -- Sophocles Philoctetes Essays

Sophocles' Philoctetes â€Å"No word. Then I am nothing† (950) â€Å"Who will say word of greeting to me?† (1354) In his lecture Oedipus at the Crossroads, Simon Goldhill addresses the idea that the incest between mother and son results in the collapse not only of the characters, but of language itself: or rather, of the language the characters use to express their despair. The fact that Oedipus stumbles on the words â€Å"Daughter, sister†¦Ã¢â‚¬  reflects this breakdown of language. In Sophocles’ Philoctetes, there is a similar sense of shattered language, but here it is more a case of being abandoned by language, of language and civilisation being so intrinsic to each other that being left behind by one implies being left behind by both. The Chorus’s description of what they imagine Philoctetes’s solitary existence to be like reflects this: â€Å"He cries out in his wretchedness;/there is only a blabbering echo,/that comes from the distance speeding/from his bitter crying†(187), using lack of dialogue to represent his solitude. Similarly, it is significant th at it is not distinct words that announce Philoctetes’s approach the first time he comes on stage, but rather â€Å"the voice of a man wounded† and â€Å"a bitter cry† (209,210). And it is no coincidence that upon meeting Neoptolemus, Philoctetes’ greeting becomes an insistent, repetitive cry: â€Å"Take pity on me; speak to me; speak/ speak if you come as friends. / No—answer me/ If this is all/ that we can have from one another, speech, this, at least, we should have† (230). Just as, when Odysseus’ plan has been revealed and the men are preparing to leave, Philoctetes’ supplication is â€Å"Your voice has no word for me, son of Achilles? / Will you go away in silence?†(1065). Speech is equated with pity, di... ...sation. The Chicago version of this passage reads: â€Å"Farewell [†¦] the deep male growl of the sea-lashed headland [†¦] where many a time in answer to my crying in the storm of my sorrow the Hermes mountain sent its echo!† (1460) while in the Francklin version he states, perhaps more aptly (as his passiveness is felt much more), â€Å"Farewell the noise of beating waves, which I so oft have heard from the rough sea [†¦]Oft th' Hermaean mount Echoed my plaintive voice†. In both cases there is a keen sense of release, of breaking free, of the relief of knowing that one’s words will bear fruit to something other than a dim reflection of themselves, that one’s attempts at dialogue will not be met with a wall of silence. It is an ending that resounds with possibility and potential: the world Philoctetes is about to re-enter is a veritable blank page. A â€Å"great destiny† awaits him.

Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Essay -- essays research papers

Incidents in the Life Of A Slave Girl CHAPTER I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conditions of this master-slave relationship are that the slave (Linda) is there to do work for her mistress, or master, which is now her sister' s daughter. Linda is supposed to take care her new owner's five year old daughter, help plant things, take care of any animals and anything else she is told. As a slave, she should also do everything else she is told by her master. â€Å"After a brief period of suspense, the will of my mistress was read, and we learned that she had bequeathed me to her sister's daughter, a child of five years old.† I think that before her former master died and she was sent to her master's sister's daughter, the conditions were different. Linda's master taught her how to read and spell, which was a privilege, because most slaves were not taught how to do this. â€Å"While I was with her, she taught me to read and spell; and for this privilege, which so rarely falls to the lot of a slave, I bless her memory.† Chapter II The author's purpose for including this chapter is to show just how unfairly, and cruelly slaves (she) were treated. People saw the slaves as scapegoats and were blamed for everything. She gives many examples of situations in which someone (one of the masters or mistresses) wasn't happy with something and blamed it on the slave(s), forcing them to deal with the harsh consequences. An example is when the cook sends dinner out to Dr. Flint....

Corporal Punishment :: essays research papers

Dear Sir, I am writing in reply to the recent publication of an item on the topic of corporal punishment. I do not agree that it is needed to bring discipline back into our schools. It is assumed that a child who has been caned would be less likely to commit another offence , but this was never proved and , in fact , one theory holds that severe corporal punishment increases the likelihood of future offences. There are better ways to discipline students than hitting them. Some parents may believe that spanking a child may be beneficial but apart from being potentially dangerous physically, it can lower their self esteem, hinder their academic abilities and may even contribute to disruptive and violent behaviour. Some pupils may feel so afraid to go to school that they are tempted to play truant. Over the past few years we have become more and more obsessive over bringing our lives into the twenty first century and now , here you are telling us that we should bring back corporal punis hment, a system which is looked upon as old fashioned ! Discipline should begin in the home . Parents have and should accept the task of instilling in their children respect for right and wrong, respect for others and all the other basic lessons of living, working, playing and learning with others. They should try to teach him to control himself and take responsibility for his actions and their consequences .Unfortunately, because some parents find it difficult to do this from infancy , the teachers role is all the more difficult. Still, restoring this rule is not the way to resolve theses difficulties. Get to children in infancy and their early years and their lives will be shaped more fully for future growth. Restoring their teachers’ power to hit them across the bottom or knuckles doesn’t fit that picture. Forget corporal punishment. Roald Dahl’s book entitled â€Å"Boy† tells about the times when corporal punishment was allowed to take place in all sc hools. A passage from the book tells of how , aged nine, Dahl was caned six times for talking during prep. Even though he had had a perfectly good excuse he got the same punishment another child would probably have got for defacing school property or stealing. I think that this reinforces my earlier suggestion that teachers may take advantage of their authority and harass pupils they may have taken a dislike to.

American Literature and English Language Teaching Essay

M. A. Course in English shall comprise 4 semesters. Each semester shall have 4 courses. In all, there shall be 16 courses of 5 credits each. Each course shall carry 100 marks. Of these, 70 marks shall be reserved for theory (end-Semester examination) and 30 marks for tutorials/seminars (internal assessment). However, in course 5, titled â€Å"Linguistics and English Language Teaching†, only 50 marks shall be reserved for theory (end-Semester examination), 20 marks for Practical/Viva-voce exam and 30 marks for tutorial/seminars (internal assessment). Of these courses, Course Nos. 1 to 11, 13 and 14 shall be treated as Core Courses, Course nos. 12 and 15 as Elective Courses and Course No. 16 as Allied Elective Course open even to the students of other departments/faculties. The starred items are meant for detailed study. The theory component of each paper shall be of three hours’ duration. Pattern of Question Papers 1]The pattern of question paper in respect of course nos. 1,8,11,13,14,15,16 (Indian Literature in Translation, Women Writing and European Literature in Translation) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"12=24 Section B. (b) Six Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of nine questions– 6Ãâ€"6=36 Section C (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 2]The pattern of question paper in respect of course nos. 2,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,16 (New Literatures in English) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"12 =24 Section B (b) Three passages for explanation out of 5 passages from the starred items to be answered in 200 words each – –3Ãâ€"6 = 18 Section C (c) Three Short-Answer-Type Questions out of 5 questions to be answered in 200 words each – – 3Ãâ€"6 = 18. Section D d) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 3]The pattern of question paper in respect of Course No. 5 (Linguistics and English Language Teaching) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"10=20 Section B (b) Four Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of six questions – 4Ãâ€"5=20 Section C (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 SEMESTER I Course 1: Introduction to Linguistics – ENG – 101 1. (a)Key properties of Language b) Language varieties. 2. (a)Major concerns of Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics b) Historical approach, Descriptive approach 3. Major concepts in Linguistics: a) Syntagmatic and Paradigmetic axes b) Differential Calculous c) Constituent Structure d) Transformations and Deep Structure 4. Stylistics, its methods and limitations. Course 2: Poetry I (Chaucer to Blake) – ENG – 102 Chaucer:Prologue to Canterbury Tales (Modern version) *Shakespeare’s Sonnets No. 18, 30, 63, 130 *Milton:Paradise Lost, Book I *Donne:The Blossom, The Canonization, The Good Morrow Marvell:To His Coy Mistress *Pope:The Rape of the Lock. *Gray:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard *Blake:The Tiger, Ah! Sun-flower Course 3: Drama I (Marlowe to Wilde excluding Shakespeare) – ENG – 103 *Webster:The Duchess of Malfi *Marlowe:Dr. Faustus *Jonson:The Alchemist Congreve:The Way of the World *Wilde:The Importance of Being Earnest Origin and Growth of the British Theatre Course 4: Prose– ENG – 104 *Bacon:Of Truth; Of Death; Of Adversity; Of Great Place; Of Parents and Children Addison & Steele:Of the Club; The Coverley Household; Labour and Exercise; Sir Roger at the Theatre (Coverley Papers from the Spectator, ed. K. Deighton, Macmillan). *Lamb:Christ Hospital; New Year’s Eve; Imperfect Sympathies *Carlyle:Hero as Man of Letters Russell:Science and War; Science and Values (from The Impact of Science on Society) Huxley:Tragedy and the Whole Truth (from W. E. Williams, ed. A Book of English Essays) SEMESTER II Course 5: Linguistics and English Language Teaching– ENG – 201 1. Phonology:(a) Speech mechanism and the Organs of Speech (b) Consonants, Vowels, Diphthongs (c) Phoneme (d) Stress, Intonation 2. Morphology:Morphemes: Words and Affixes 3. Syntax:(a) I. C. Analysis and its limits (b) Transformations of Movement, Addition, Substitution, Deletion. (c) Coordination and Subordination 4. English Language Teaching:(a) Direct Method (b) Audiolingual Method (c) Communicative Language Teaching (d) Error Analysis (e) Teaching skills of Language: listening, speaking, reading, writing. (f) Testing Course 6: Poetry II (Wordsworth to Arnold) – ENG – 202 *Wordsworth:The Prelude, Book I *Coleridge:Kubla Khan *Shelley:Adonais *Keats:Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn *Tennyson:Ulysses, The Lotos Eaters *Browning:Rabbi Ben Ezra, Porphyria’s Lover *Arnold:The Scholar Gypsy Course 7: Drama II (Shakespeare) – ENG – 203 Henry IV, Part I. Twelfth Night *Hamlet *The Tempest Shakespeare Criticism: Dr. Johnson, Bradley, Wilson Knight, Caroline Spurgeon, Stephen Greenblatt. Course 8: Fiction I (Defoe to Hardy) – ENG – 204 Defoe:Moll Flanders Fielding:Joseph Andrews Austen:Emma Dickens:Great Expectations Eliot:Middlemarch Hardy:Tess of the D’urbervilles SEMESTER III Course 9: Poetry III (Hopkins to Ted Hughes) – ENG – 301 *Hopkins:Pied Beauty; The Windhover; Carrion Comfort *Yeats:Sailing to Byzantium; Byzantium; No Second Troy; Coole Park and Ballyle *Eliot:The Waste Land *Auden:In Memory of W. B. Yeats; The Shield of Achilles. *Larkin:Church Going; Next, please; At Grass *Ted Hughes:The Thought-Fox; Hawk Roosting Course 10: Drama III (Twentieth Century Drama) – ENG – 302 *Shaw:Man and Superman *Yeats:Countess Cathleen *Eliot:Murder in the Cathedral *Beckett:Waiting for Godot *Pinter:The Birthday Party Course 11: Literary Criticism & Theory 1– ENG – 303 Aristotle:On the Art of Poetry Bharatamuni:On Natya and Rasa: Aesthetics of Dramatic Experience Anandavardhana:Dhvani: Structure of Poetic Meaning Dryden:Essay on Dramatic Poesy Wordsworth:Preface to Lyrical Ballads Coleridge:Biographia Literaria (Chs. XIII, XVII & XVIII) Arnold:The Study of Poetry (Essays in Criticism Book II) Course 12: Indian Literature in English I – ENG – EL-3. 1 *Tagore:Thou hast made me endless; Leave this chanting and singing; I am like a remnant of a cloud; In one salutation to thee (Gitanjali) *Sri Aurobindo:Savitri Book I Canto I (Passages for explanation to be set from the first 64 lines) *Girish Karnad:Nag-Mandala The following poets from Ten Twentieth Century Indian Poets ed. R. Parthasarathy (OUP): *Nissim Ezekiel:Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher; Background, Casually; Enterprise *Jayant Mahapatra:Grass, Lost. *A. K. Ramanujan:A River; Love Poem for a Wife I; Obituary *Kamala Das:My Grandmother’s House; A Hot Noon in Malabar; The Invitation OR American Literature I– ENG – EL-3. 2 The following from American Literature of the Nineteenth Century (Eurasia) and American Literature 1890-1965 (Eurasia): Emerson:The American Scholar, Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul Poe:*The Raven, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition Whitman:*When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, Passage to India *Wallace Stevens:The Emperor of Ice-cream, Sunday Morning. *Emily Dickinson:I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed, I Felt a Funeral in My Brain, The Soul Selects Her Own Society, Because I Could not Stop for Death, These Are the Days When Birds Come *Tennessee Williams:A Streetcar Named Desire Edward Albee:Zoo Story SEMESTER IV Course 13: Fiction II– ENG–401 Conrad:Heart of Darkness Woolf:Mrs. Dalloway Joyce:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Lawrence:Women in Love Kingsley Amis:Lucky Jim Course 14: Literary Criticism & Theory II – ENG – 402 Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent; The Function of Criticism; Hamlet (Selected Essays) Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism (Chs.IV-XV, XXI, XXXIV, XXXV and Appendix A – On Value) Ransom:A Note on Ontology (Twentieth Century Criticism: The Major Statements, eds. Handy and Westbrook) The following critics from David Lodge, ed. Modern criticism and Theory : A Reader (London : Longman, 1988) The following critics from David Lodge, ed. Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader (London: Longman, 1988) Saussure:Nature of the Linguistic Sign Derrida:Structure, Sign and Play in the discourse of the human Sciences Said:Crisis (in Orientialism) Showalter:Feminist criticism in the Wilderness Eagleton:Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism. Course 15: Indian Literature in English II – ENG – EL-4. 1 Mulk Raj Anand:Untouchable R. K. Narayan:The Financial Expert Raja Rao:The Serpent and the Rope Anita Desai:Voices in the City Salman Rushdie:Midnight’s Children Amitav Ghosh:The Shadow Lines Jawahar Lal Nehru:An Autobiography OR American Literature II – ENG – EL-4. 2 Hawthorne:The Scarlet Letter Melville:Billy Budd Faulkner:Light in August Hemingway:A Farewell to Arms Ralph Ellison:Invisible Man Saul Bellow:Humboldt’s Gift Course 16: Indian Literature in Translation – ENG – EL-4. 3 The following poets from Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry eds. Vinay Dharwadker & A. K. Ramanujan: Sitanshu Yashashchandra:Drought V Indira Bhavani:Avatars Ali Sardar Jafri:Morsel Paresh Chandra Raut:Snake Tagore:Homecoming; My Lord, The Baby Shrilal Shukla:Rag Darbari Tendulkar:Ghasiram Kotwal Ananthamurthy:Samskara Translation, Theory and Practice OR New Literatures in English – ENG – EL-4. 4 The following poets from An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C D Narasimhaiah, Macmillan: *A. D. Hope:Australia; The Death of the Bird *Atwood:Journey to the Interior *A. K. Ramanujan:Death and the Good Citizen; Waterfalls in a Bank (The Collected Poems of A.K. Ramanujan, OUP) *Agha Shahid Ali:Showman; The Season of the Plains (Twelve Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehrotra, OUP) Chinua Achebe:Things Fall Apart V. S. Naipaul:A House for Mr. Biswas Wole Soyinka:The Road Patrick White:Voss Nadine Gordimer:The Burger’s Daughter OR Women Writing– ENG – EL-4. 5 The following poets from The Faber Book of 20th Century Women’s Poetry ed. Fleur Adcock: Margaret Atwood:Siren Song Adrienne Rich:Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law U A Fanthorpe:Not My Best Side Sylvia Plath:Lady Lazurus Gwendolyn Brooks:A Sunset of the City Shashi Deshpande:That Long Silence  Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre Tony Morrison:Beloved Mary Wollstonecraft:A Vindication of the Rights of Women John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women Virginia Woolf:A Room of One’s Own OR European Literature in Translation – ENG – EL-4. 6 Sophocles:Oedipus the King Dostoevsky:Crime and Punishment Flaubert:Madam Bovary Kafka:â€Å"Metamorphosis† Alberto Moravia:The Woman of Rome Brecht:Mother Courage Baudelaire:Les Fleurs du mal (Flower of Evil) Rilke:The Sonnets to Orpheus No. X; The First Elegy (Duino Elegies); The Poet, Remembrance (from Collected Poems of Rainer Maria Rilke, Modern Library, New York). l

Explore the Role of Trading Blocs on International Trade Essay

International Business In this assignment, I will be defining international trading bloc and their purpose before outline all the different examples of trading blocs such as WTO, Customers Unions, and Common Markets before explaining how these impact on the international trade. I will apply the trading blocs and examples to Jaguar – Land Rover, a multimillion-pound car manufacturer distributing worldwide. Trading Blocs Trading Blocs is a group of countries in a geographical area that gets together to protect themselves from countries outside the group, working together to make goods or services move more easily and placing restrictions on the number of goods or services being brought into the area. Some organizations help to make these countries work together and move goods or services more easily. These organizations include World Trade Organisation and other common markets such as the EU. World Trade Organisation (WTO) The WTO makes sure that countries can trade with each other as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible so that businesses can sell their goods all over the world. The WTO has negotiated agreements between countries so that businesses trading have legal rights and agreements to protect them. If there are disagreements or arguments between two countries then WTO will step in and assist the situation. WTO has a positive impact on international trading as they ensure all businesses trade fairly and legally and ensure that no one is ripped off or miss sold goods. Customs Unions and Common Markets In some areas of the world, customers unions and common markets have been established to allow free trade to take place between those different countries. This allows businesses more rights and opportunities to trade with each other with the support of the common market to ensure everyone is trading and operating legally and effectively. The EU The EU was established in Second World War through European Economic Community. At the start, 6 countries joined the EU, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Over the next 60 years, more and more countries joined the EU, 28 countries including the UK joined by 1973. The EU was a very crucial in international trade as they set up their own internal market which allowed countries to move and trade goods or services even freer between the countries involved. It achieves the above through a number of different ways. – It has its own currency, the Euro. – It provides EU citizens the movement to other countries without VISA`s as long as they are a member of the EU. – They have their own set of rules they must adhere to in order to maintain a member of the EU. Mercosur Rather like the EU, this group was established to help the third world, less developed countries increase the trading opportunities between each other. Countries involved within the common market are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela, all less developed countries who can`t afford the scale and size of international trade deals occurring in the EU, hence why they are a part of the Mercosur. They have more land and size than the EU, however, have made little progression when compared to the EU, however, have similar aspirations and goals, wanting to make international trade and movement as easy as the EU do. The effect it has on the countries involved is that it provides them with a platform to trade internationally and increase the size of deals, bringing in more money to the country and helping to improve local economies. They still have the same legal rights and regulations when it comes to b2b trading. The above have a massive positive impact on countries who are a part of the Europe Union as it provides plenty of other countries the opportunity to trade freely between each other using the same currency and operating under the same legal rules and regulations. If any deals went downhill and a business within the EU was miss sold goods or not paid the full balance then they can appeal to the EU for support and guidance, allowing them to take legal action against the other business. Jaguar – Land Rover will be impacted in different ways by the above trading blocs due to the size and scale of them having a negative impact towards local businesses. If Jaguar – Land Rover are having a positive impact on the economy of a country, increasing the countries revenue through their taxes and increasing employment rates then the government for that country may increase the easiness of movement of goods across the country, encouraging them to continue trading within, benefiting the country as a whole. The World Trade Organisation has a big role in the trade deals of Jaguar – Land Rover as the deals they are working on is worth millions of pounds and therefore involve high risk and liability if they go wrong, this is where the World Trade Organisation will step in, resolve the issue and ensure the deal is still going to go ahead. They will ensure no party is ripped off or miss sold goods and that all parties are aware of the terms and conditions througho ut the deal. The Customs Unions and Common Markets and the EU allow businesses or countries within a certain area free trade and more rights to trade between each other. This would have a negative impact on Jaguar – Land Rover as they would have to pay importation and exportation taxes, increasing the expenditure for each product meaning they can`t be as competitive on pricing as other businesses within the market. The Mercosur won`t have an impact on Jaguar – Land Rover due to the size and scale of them and how the Mercosur id directed at smaller, less established businesses acting as a platform to boost them. Jaguar – Land Rover will not face the competition from this market as the size and scale will counterbalance the benefits that Mercosur provides the smaller businesses with. Conclusion In the above assignment, I have listed, explained and evaluated the impact different common markets have on international trade for the countries involved. I have explained the different reasons for how they work and the benefits they bring. All markets have similar aims and understandings, have the same legal rules and regulations and all believe in fair, free movement of goods or services.

Bletchley Park Essay

Bletchley Park, code named ‘Station X’, was and still is a mansion 50 miles North-West of London. It was bought by MI5 as an evacuation site and code breaking centre for the German ‘Enigma’. Bletchley Park was bought by Admiral Sinclair, the Chief of MI6. There other posts, ‘Station Y’s’, which intercepted the messages from the Germans and in turn, when sorted, sent the messages to ‘Station X’. These listening posts were set up to steal German messages off the radio waves. ‘Station X’ relied on the availability of these intercepted messages to break. Most of the staff in the ‘Y Stations’ were women. Basically, the ‘Y Stations’ were to pick up the messages and ‘Station X’ was to use the messages to decode and break the keys. As the war progressed it became easier for the operators to find the right frequencies at the right times, when the German transmissions were being sent. The messages were recorded in Morse code. All the administrative staff worked on interception whilst the academics worked on the actual code breaking, like the mathematicians, cryptic crossword solvers and chess players. Most of the workers in general were young. Most of the admin staff was girls and women, most of them linguists, and the code breakers were mathematicians, as Enigma was breakable by maths and equations some were also just ordinary chess players. However, by the end of 1941 Daily Telegraph cryptic crossword solvers were also taken in, as well as some of the old code breakers around, from the G. C. & C. S. At first the Navy were too proud to be interested in the transmissions, but later realised just how important Bletchley Park was. Gordon Welchman was a young mathematician, from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; and it was he who was responsible for the reorganisation of Bletchley Parks’ work into a fully functional code breaking site. He also introduced a five-point plan that would increase the efficiency of the work being produced. This was: close co-ordination of radio interception, the analysis of the intercepted messages, breaking the Enigma and Non-Enigma keys, decoding the messages from the broken keys and then extracting useful information from the decoded messages. It was then that Denniston began recruiting the high quality staff that was needed. In early 1939 the construction started of wooden huts centred on the mansion. The first huts built were numbered 1,2,3,4 & 5. The Naval Section moved into Hut 4 alongside the mansion on the South side. When Hut 5 was completed the Army section moved there and the dining room became a mess room, where the military had previously used as their base at ‘Station X’. However, Knox, Jeffrey’s and Turing moved into the Cottage in the Stable Yard so that they could work better with less distractions. Not many of the first arrivals knew what they were doing and had very little experience, but learnt quickly. The new young operators also knew nothing about their foreseeable work. After the first arrivals, Denniston’s mathematicians arrived, but they did not get on well with the older more experienced code breakers. This was because the older code breakers felt â€Å"out-of-date† as the new lot were young and had a different method to code breaking. It became blatant that the biggest break-through was from the mathematicians from the first years of the war. They were getting closer and closer to breaking the Enigma. Messages were sent to other huts via a broomstick and a wooden tunnel that was constructed to increase secrecy between a few of the more important huts (later on the messages were blasted along the tunnels with compressed air), like Hut 6 and Hut 3. Although, Hut 6 paid little attention to the messages they received from Hut 3 as they just did their job and the other huts would do theirs. Most of the messages that arrived at Hut 3 seldom made sense. When the messages were complete they were sent down to MI6 HQ in London by van. Hut 4 was used to break other non-Enigma codes from other foreign countries which was only classed as semi-important messages/codes. If some of the messages from Hut 6 were important enough then they would be classed as ‘Ultra’ or ‘Top-Secret’. There was also a slim chance that any foreign spy could get into ‘Station X’. the military officials would be on site to determine the importance of the messages that came out of the ‘Huts’. Bombes were also developed, these were electrical devices that made it easier to take advantage of the clues given from the coded messages. Eventually these were developed into ‘Jumbos’ a larger and faster version, that were introduced into Hut 1, but in the early part of 1941 they were dispersed and move into the ‘Outstations and Hut 11†² Later on into the war many people started taking a great deal of interest in the work done at Bletchley Park. This was because of a major incident when a crucial war ship was lost to the Germans at sea, but the Germans managed to salvage it and recover all its information it carried. However, due to the Germans’ arrogance and ignorance they did not except that Enigma had been broken, and ignored the fact that many of their messages had been decoded. After this incident, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, visited ‘Station X’ and after many consistent letters funded the project, as the Huts sometimes ran out of the simple needs of pencils and paper. At this point the ‘Yanks’ came over to help the Allied, only after they were bombed by the Japanese. Along with the Americans came new technology, many more soldiers that were properly trained and machines that were in better condition and were all better quality. This gave the Allies the advantage at this point in the war as they now had extra supplies and reinforcements. The first computer was built as well making the work a lot faster for everyone, this was code-named Colossus, it was room size. In conclusion to this, ‘Station X’ provided lots of important information for the military to use to their advantage on the battlefield. This also enabled many lives of the Allies to be saved. Without these code breakers and broken keys the war may have turn in favour of the Germans, so deeply the work that was done at ‘Station X’ was truly important. Although Bletchley Park was originally bought as an evacuation site for MI5 it became the most important code breaking site before, during and after the war.

Is Ethics Natural or Learned Behavior?

Human beings have an innate ethical sense that urges them to make predictable choices. Although most people believe their actions are guided by logic and reason, reason often acts only as a way to justify these choices. Ethics is a learned behavior, a behavior that starts from childhood. Every individual has choices in life. And everyone’s perception of right and wrong may not be the same. This discussion will be based on is ethics natural or learned behavior? The ability to speak allows people to come up with rationales which support what are genetically driven decisions. Even though genetics may play a part, I believe ethics is a learned behavior. In understanding ethics, we must first realize that pretense and dissimulation are rooted in our genes. As part of the prehistoric mechanism for survival, human beings unfortunately identify with lying and manipulating. Lying and cheating are believed by too many to be legitimate tools in the quest to achieve selfish ends (www. ethicseducation. com). Despite this truth, as we learned as children, cooperation is actually the better way to achieve individual success therefore ethics can definitely be learned. The history of ethical thought is in this regard a record of attempts to promote communal behavior in order to ensure stability within a group. Many middle and high school students today will tell you that they themselves determine, as does every other individual, the standards of right and wrong. Students will resist the notion that they owe anything to anyone, or that they have any absolute obligation toward society. They recognize that wrongs can be done, but have a very difficult time judging their own actions to be wrong. There is an underlying attitude of: nothing I do can be truly wrong because I am ultimately the final judge of what is right and wrong for me. Ethics is about the individual. The fact that students can be taught to be tolerant of different opinions and see that a variance of viewpoints can be legitimate contradicts the belief that ethics is a natural occurrence. In some instances moral behavior can be natural. Recent studies have shown that dolphins and other marine mammals, chimpanzees, apes, monkeys and even dogs possess a moral sense, and display many of the behaviors considered basic to most normative human ethical standards. Equality, reciprocity, even altruism, have been detected and recorded among these animals, as well as treachery, deceit and manipulation. In fact, a kind of what goes around comes around golden rule is fundamental to the social relationships of most primates. This being said, there must be some sort of social instinct rooted in our genes. Man is driven by innate genetic forces and is capable of making thoughtful assessments of what is happening. Ethics investigates how we can evaluate our behavior in terms of right and wrong, good and bad.

Question to answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Question to answer - Assignment Example Figure 1: Server listening to three clients at port number 1234 Question 2 There are basically two types of socket communication; connection-oriented and connection-less socket communication. Connection oriented socket communication requires handshaking from the participating ends to establish a successful connection. This kind of connection requires bi-directional communication since both the parties need to participate to establish the connection. On the contrary, connection less communication requires no such initial requirements to set up a dedicated connection between the participating ends. Connection-less communication does not require the verification of the presence of the destination. Such connections do not provide effective performance in the presence of less speed and greater interference in the environment. Stream sockets are used for connection oriented socket communication when reliability is essential in the transfer of data and messages. Datagram sockets are used fo r connection less communication when reliability is not crucial. Question 3 A series of steps has to be followed to enable successful communication between the client and the server. The first step involves the creation of the socket by creating an object of the class Socket. The parameters in the creation of the socket define the network protocol that will be created. The second step is binding the socket to a network interface; this is done by specifying a local address and a port number. The third step is to connect to a remote server; it should be verified that the server is in listening state to cater the requests of the clients. After a successful connection, transferring of data can take place by either send or receive functions. After the transfer of data and required operations, it is a good practice to close the socket so that the resource can be freed. Question 4 The socket is used to establish the connection from the client’s side. An object of the socket class is created to communicate with the available server and send requests to it. The server socket is used at the server side to listen to all the objects that want to communicate with the server and send requests. The socket server listens to clients that are bound to the same port address as the server. Question 5 Threads are defined as a set of logic and statements that execute in isolation from each other. According to Shaw (2011), there might be multiple threads in a multithreaded environment where they will be sharing computing resources with each other. Threads enable programs to operate faster and stay more responsive to user input. Each thread is assigned a fraction of the time slice to execute and proceed in its own set of statements and commands. A scheduler has the responsibility of assigning time slices to all the threads. The high level states of threads are: ready, running, waiting and dead. Figure 2: States of threads (eTutorials.org, 2008) Question 6 There are two main me thods of threads that enable smooth execution of all operations and functions; synchronization and scheduling. Synchronization: As stated earlier, multiple threads can exist in a multithreaded environment. The threads have their own registers and stack but they might be sharing some data or resources that would require monitoring for its consistency and accuracy.

Authentic Assessment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Authentic Assessment - Case Study Example This customer-centric approach has led them to a huge success in the consumer goods market. Since last decade, P&G has adopted this strategy to focus on fulfilling the needs of consumers. For this they have come up with innovative products and services that helped people improve their living standards. P&G no more believes in providing expensive products and serving the higher economy classes, they have been strongly focusing on the BOP markets from last many years. Innovation has definitely been the key to success for this company. From realizing the need to have hygienic diapers for children to creating cheaper razor blades for the lower income group to producing greener products; they have innovated and served the market. As mentioned in the case, the company's value and sense of purpose is: "Invoke the heart and care about human needs, the strategy seems to say, and the money will follow." Bob McDonald wants to take this even further. He believes that caring about human needs com e first and cash inflow will definitely follow. The first step is to care about the human needs and improving their lives. Previously, the customer-centric approach was just being practiced in a few parts of the world, and in fewer segments. Bob wants P&G to exist as the leading FMCG in every part of the world, touching lives of various consumers belonging to different demographical areas, and having different lifestyle. He also wants to bring newer products to make the lives of consumers better and serving them completely. With globalization, technological innovations, and international competitions; there is a huge need to innovate and fulfill the needs to consumers in every way possible. Bob has the same vision. He wants to identify the needs of consumers, and fulfill these needs by providing products and services that give them superior value. With this vision and purpose, there is a strong need to change and evolve the culture. P&G's culture varies from country to country. Alth ough the company has a strong culture, there are always improvements required. For their business to grow and to touch more lives in the world there is a need to have very strong core values embedded in everywhere it operates. These core values would ensure that every employee of P&G, whether s/he is in USA or China or Africa or any other part of the world, knows these core values by heart and live by them. Great companies always change their culture according to the needs. No company has the perfect corporate culture. Therefore there is a need to evolve, improve and get better. There are some traditional and conventional practices that still take place in many parts of P&G. These practices need to be forgone and they have to adopt new ways according to the changing times. Things like cultivating diversity, flexible working hours' time, creating leadership and bringing innovation in every aspect of their business are very important for their cultural change. 2) Evaluates whether the current culture is attracting, retaining and motivating the employees who offer the needed knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) in order to achieve the goals of the organization. Employees are no doubt the greatest assets of the company. They provide the knowledge, skills and abilities to the company's products and services in order to excel. In order to enable them to work even smarter, a company has to provide an environment where they feel comfortable and which

India Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

India Project - Research Paper Example Gage Subject: Assessment on the Proposal to Move Small Team to Develop Advanced Security Systems for Aircraft in India Dear Mr. James and Other Respected Audience, It is my pleasure to present the report regarding the Proposal to Move Small Team to Develop Advanced Security Systems for Aircraft in India by which Flying High Enterprises (FHE) can successfully operate its business in India. This report primarily focuses on recognsing the economic, political and business conditions prevalent in India which is necessary to analyze for FHE in order to settle its operations in India. Moreover, this report depicts potential roadblocks which FHE might face during the entry in India. Through these overall assessments, it would be quite convenient for FHE to understand the Indian business environment in an efficient manner. In this similar context, this report also describes regarding the appropriate location of operations, from where FHE can obtain sustainable advantages regarding Information Technology operations. Contextually, this report also highlights a clear notion regarding the competitors which FHE might face after settling their business in India and subsequently depicts the strategy in order to tackle these rivals and ensure sustainable progress. We strongly believe that moving a small development team to India for FHE will be beneficial for both the company as well as for the India’s economy. ... onomic Consideration 7 7 Political Stability 8 Potential Roadblocks 9 FHE’s Gain From The Indian Market 10 Competitor Analysis 10 FHE’s Needs for Workforce 11 Need for Developing a Perfect Mix 11 Managers for FHE 12 Employees Expectation 12 Expectation of Local Nationals 12 Work Ethics Difference from America 13 Conclusion & Recommendation 14 Works Cited 15 Executive Summary India is considered as a unique nation which comprises attractive cultural heritage as well as which provides ample opportunities regarding establishment of business ventures where several types of commerce can be easily operated by the new entrants. The prime objective of this paper is to provide strategies to FHE regarding the entry and the successfully operations of business in India. This report intends to describe about the economic, political and business environments of India where FHE might face several issues regarding all these aspects during the business operations in India. Moreover, thi s report provides appropriate location and its benefit which FHE should obtain at the time of operational activities. Contextually, this report provides the information about certain competitors which might provide considerable threat to FHE. Furthermore, it depicts the requirements of FHE regarding the workforce during the business operations in India. By taking into consideration regarding these overall aspects, FHE can successfully launch their business operations in India and the information provided in this report can be extremely beneficial in order to implement appropriate business strategies at the right time. Introduction ‘Flying High Enterprises (FHE)’ has been recently approached by Aerospace Products International in order to evaluate the scope of expansion for the company’s